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Unit 7B AP Psych

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Cognition   The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.  
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Concept   A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.  
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Prototype   A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin).  
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Algorithm   A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier -- but also much more error-prone -- use of heuristics.  
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Heuristic   A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.  
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Insight   A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.  
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Creativity   The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.  
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Confirmation Bias   A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and ignore or distort contradictory evidence.  
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Fixation   The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set.  
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Mental Set   A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.  
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Functional Fixedness   The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.  
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Representativeness Heuristic   Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.  
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Availability Heuristic   Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.  
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Overconfidence   The tendency to be more confident that correct -- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.  
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Belief Perserverance   Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.  
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Intuition   An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.  
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Language   Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.  
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Grammar   In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.  
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Syntax   The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.  
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Framing   The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.  
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Phoneme   In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.  
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Morpheme   In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word (such as a prefix).  
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Semantics   The rules for combining rules into grammatically sensible sentences in any given language.  
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Babbling Stage   Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.  
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One-word Stage   The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.  
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Two-word Stage   Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements.  
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Telegraphic Speech   Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram -- "go car" -- using mostly nouns and verbs.  
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Linguistic Determinism   Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.  
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