BIO 202 A&P II
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| percent of blood volume that is RBCs | 47% +/- 5% males
42% +/- 5% females
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| plasma makes up what percent of blood? | 55%
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| functions of blood | 1. distribution
2. regulation
3. protection
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| volume that drops to support circulation | shock
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| protection again... | blood loss (clotting) and infection (antibodies, complement proteins, WBCs defend)
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| 60% albumin 36% globulins 4% fibrinogen | proteins produced by the liver carried in the plasma
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| water follows particles, holds water to keep in system | osmosis
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| nitrogenous by products of metabolism, nutrients, electrolytes, resp. gases, hormones | carried in the blood plasma
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| biconcave discs, anucleate, essentially no organelles, filled with hemoglobin for gas tx | erythrocytes
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| blood viscosity increased, blood flows slow | # of RBCs high
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| blood thins, and flows rapidly | # of RBCs low
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| binds reversibly to oxygen | hemoglobin
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| 2 alpha and 2 beta chains | protein globin
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| blood cell formation, from the red bone marrow of the axial skeleton, girdles and proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur | hematopoiesis
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| gives rise to all formed elements | hemocytoblasts (hematopoietic stem cells)
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| red blood cell production | erythropoiesis
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| phases of RBC production | 1. ribosome synthesis (protein factory)
2.hemoglobin accumulation
3. ejection of the nucleus and formation of reticulocytes
then become mature erythrocytes
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| balance between RBC production and destruction depends on... | hormonal controls and adequate supplies of iron, amino acids, and B vitamins
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| direct stimulus for erythropoiesis and released by the kidneys in response to hypoxia | erythropoietin (EPO)
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| causes of hypoxia | 1.hemorrhage or increased RBC destruction
2. insufficient hemoglobin
3. reduced availability of 02
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| enhances EPO production resulting in higher RBC counts in males | testosterone
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| dietary requirements for erytheopoiesis | 1. nutrients-AA, lipids, and carbs
2. iron
3. vitamin B12 and folic acid
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| macrophages engulf dying RBCs and send them... | spleen
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| destruction of erythrocytes | heme(iron) and globin (protein AA) are separated, iron is salvaged, heme is degraded to bilirubin, liver secretes bilirubin into the intestines, degraded pigment leaves the body in poop, globin is metabolized in AA
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| blood has abnormally low O2 carry capacity | anemia
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| acute or chronic loss of blood | hemorrhagic
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| RBCs rupture prematurely (hemoglobin abn, tx mismatched blood, severe infections) | hemolytic anemia
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| destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow (drugs, chemo, radiation, or viruses) | aplastic anemia
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| inadequate intake of iron-containing foods and impaired iron absorption | iron-deficiency anemia
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| deficiency of vitamin B12 | pernicious anemia
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| defective gene codes for abnormal hemoglobin | sickle-cell anemia
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| excess of RBCs that increase blood viscosity | polycythemia
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| results of polycythemia | 1.polycythemia vera-bone marrow cancer
2. when less O2 is available (high altitude) or when EPO production increases
3. blood doping
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| site of infection or injury-tissues are involved give off chemical signals alert the cells where to go | chemotaxis
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| follow chemical signals by crawling the cell space | diapedesis
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| NEVER LET MONKEYS EAT BANANAS | Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils (in order of %)
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| Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils are all... | granulocytes (-phil family)
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| most numerous WBCs and are polymorphonuclear leukocytes. lilac color cytoplasm, granules contain hydrolytic enzymes and defensins, phagocytize bacteria | Neutrophils D:14 days LS:6hrs-days
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| red-staining bilobe nucleus,digest parasitic worms, modulators of the immune response(allergy and asthma) | eosinophils D:14 days LS:5days
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| rarest WBC, large purplish-black geanules that contain histamine and others for inflammation | Basophils D:1-7 days LS:hrs-days
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| it attracts other WBCs to an inflammation site area, area thats been damaged, release of histamine | chemo-attractant
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| large, dark purple, circular nuclei, thin rim of blue cytoplasm, mostly in lymphoid tissue, crucial to immunity | lymphocytes D:days-weeks LS:hrs-years
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| act against virus-infected cells and tumor cells | T cells
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| give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies (factory) | B cells
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| largest leukocyte, abundant pale-blue cytoplasm, dark purple-staining, U or kidney shaped nuclei | Monocytes D:2-3 days LS:months
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| originates as a monocyte | macrophages
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| small fragments of megakaryocytes, formation is regulated by thrombopoietin | platelets
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| platelets contain... | chemical signals, enzymes, growth factors.
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| 2 cell lines of hemocytoblasts | 1. myeloid 2. lymphoid
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| lymphoid hemocytoblasts produce... | lymphocytes
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| myeloid hemocytoblasts produce... | all other elements: eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes.
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| basic cell design, isn't committed to any cell yet. | stem cells
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| fast series of reactions to stop bleeding | 1. vascular spasm 2. platelet plug formation 3. coagulation (positive feedback system)
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| set of reactions to stop bleeding | hemostasis
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| forming a plug that temporarily seals the break in vessel | aggregating
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| enhance vascular spasm and more platelet aggregation | serotonin and thromboxane
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| 3 phases of coagulation | 1. prothrombin activator is formed (intrinsic and extrinsic pathways)
2. prothrombin converted into thrombin (enzyme)
3. thrombin catalyzes the joining of fibrinogen to form fibrin mesh
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| steps of intrinsic pathway of coagulation (phase 1) | platelets cling, PF is release by aggregated platelets, X (protein factor), to prothrombin activator
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| steps of extrinsic pathway of coagulation (phase 1) | tissue factor, X (protein factor), to prothrombin activator
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| phase 2 of coagulation | prothrombin >thrombin
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| phase 3 of coagulation | fibrinogen (soluble)> fibrin (insoluble polymer) > cross-linked fibrin mesh
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| actin and myosin in platelets contract within 30-60 minutes for... | clot retraction
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| steps of clot retraction (think stitches) | platelets pull on the fibrin strands, squeezing serum from the clot, drawing the edges of cut together
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| removes unneeded clots when healing has occurred | fibrinolyis
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| fibrin-digesting enzyme (clot buster) | plasmin
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| effectively acts as an anticoagulant, preventing the clot from enlarging and thrombin from acting elsewhere | fibrin
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| platelet adhesion is prevented by | 1. smooth endothelial lining of blood vessels
2. antithrombic substances nitric oxide and prostacyclin secreted by endothelial cells
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| universal donor | O
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| universal recipient | AB
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| mismatches.. | anti-Rh antibodies form if an Rh- individual receives Rh+ blood, second exposure to Rh+ blood will result in typical transfusion reaction
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| transfusion reaction | antibodies attack and rupture the donors RBCs by clumping in small vessels hinders blood flow to tissues
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| ways to replace volume | 1. normal saline or electrolyte solution
2. plasma explanders (albumin, dextran)
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| volume replacement restores adequate circulation but cannot replace O2-carrying capacity | blood volume
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