CHAPTER 9 - Thought and Language
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| critical period | a period in childhood when experience with language produces optimal language acquistion
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| cognitive psychology | the field of psychology that studies cognitive processes such as thought and language
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| cognitive neuroscience | the study of the neurological bases of cognitive processes
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| thought | the mental manipulation of words and manipulation of words and images, as in concept formation, problem solving, and decision making
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| concept | a category of objects, events, qualities, or relations that share certain features
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| logical concept | a concept formed by identifying the specific features possessed by all things that the concept applies to
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| natural concept | a concept, typically formed through everyday experience, whose members possess some, but not all, of a common set of features
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| prototype | the best representative of a concept
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| problem solving | the thought process by which an individual overcomes obstacles to reach a goal
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| trial and error | an approach to problem solving in which the individual tries one possible solution after another until one works
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| insight | an approach to problem solving that depends on mental manipulation of information rather than overt trial and error and produces sudden solutions to problems
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| algorithm | a problem-solving rule or procedure that, when followed step by step, ensures that a correct solution will be found
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| heuristic | a general principle that guides problem solving, though it does not guarentee a correct solution
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| mental set | a tendency to use a particular problem-solving strategy that has succeeded in the past but that may interfere with solving a problem requiring a new strategy
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| functional fixedness | the inability to realize that a problem can be solved by using a familiar object in an unusual way
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| creativity | a form of problem solving that generates novel, socially valued solutions to problems
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| convergent thinking | the cognitive process that focuses on finding conventional solutions to problems
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| divergent thinking | the cognitive process by which an individual freely considers a variety of potential solutions to artistic, literary, scientific, or practical problems
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| decision making | a form of problem solving in which one tries to make the best choice from among alternative judgments or courses of action
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| representativeness heuristic | in decision making, the assumption that a small sample is representative of its population
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| availability heuristic | in decision making, the tendency to estimate the probability of an event by how easily relevant instances of it come to mind
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| framing effects | biases introduced into the decision-making process by presenting an issue or situation in a certain manner
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| artificial intelligence (AI) | the field that integrates computer science and cognitive psychology in studying information processing through the design of computer programs that appear to exhibit intelligence
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| expert systems | computer programs that display expertise in specific domains of knowledge
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| language | a formal system of communication involving symbols - whether spoken, written, or gestured - and rules for combining them
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| semanticity | the characteristic of language marked by the use of symbols to convey thoughts in a meaningful way
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| generativity | the characteristic of language marked by the ability to combine words in novel, meaningful ways
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| displacement | the characteristic of language marked by the ability to refer to objects and events that are not present
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| grammer | the set of rules that governs the proper use and combination of language symbols
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| phoneme | the smallest unit of sound in a language
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| phonology | the study of the sounds that compose languages
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| morpheme | the smallest meaningful units of language
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| syntax | the rules that govern the acceptable arrangement of words in phrases and sentences
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| semantics | the study of how language conveys meaning
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| deep structure | the underlying meaning of a statement
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| surface structure | the word arrangements used to express meaning
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| transformational grammar | the rules by which languages generate surface structures out of deep structures and deep structures out of surface structures
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| pragmatics | the relationship between language and its social context
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| overextension | the tendency to apply a word to more objects or actions than it actually represents
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| underextension | the tendency to apply a word to fewer objects or actions than it actually represents
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| holophrastic speech | the use of single words to represent whole phrases or sentences
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| telegraphic speech | speech marked by reliance on nouns and verbs while other parts of speech, including articles and prepositions, are omitted
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| mean length of utterance (MLU) | a unit of measurement that assesses children's level of language maturation
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| overregularization | the application of a grammatical rule without making necessary exceptions to it
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| linguistic relativity hypothesis | benjamin whorf's hypothesis that one's perception of the world is molded by one's language
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Created by:
Jessica C
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