Lonestar Pharmacolog
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| What is Chronotropy? | Heart Rate
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| What is Inotropy? | Contractility (Stroke Volume)
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| What is Dromotropy? | Speed of Conduction
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| What is Positive Chronotropy? | Increase in the Rate of impulse generation at the SA node.
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| What is Positive Inotropy? | Increased contractility (Increased Stroke Volume)
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| What is Positive Dromotrope? | Slowing conductivity through the AV node.
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| What is Negative Inotrope? | Decreased contractility (Decreased Stroke Volume)
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| What is Negative Chronotrope? | Decrease in the Rate of impulse generation at the SA node.
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| What is Negative Dromotrope? | Decrease in the Rate of Impulse generation at the AV node.
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| What influx causes Fast Potentials? | Sodium Influx
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| What influx Causes Slow Potentials? | Calcium Influx
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| Where are Slow Potentials located? | Located in two dominant pacemaker cells of the heart, the SA and AV nodes.
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| Where do Calcium Channel Blocker medications take effect? | In the slow potential influx of Calcium.
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| What is responsible for spontaneous generation of impulses in the SA and AV node? | Slow Potentials (Since SA rate is faster than the AV node it over-rides the rate)
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| Where are Fast Potentials located? | Occur in myocardial tissue (muscle) and the ventricular conduction (electrical)system.
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| What is Phase 0 in Fast Potentials? | Rapid depolarization due to rapid sodium channels opening (Na+ Influx), inside of cell becomes more positive.
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| What is Phase 1 in Fast Potentials? | Slow Potassium channels open (K+ Efflux), this marks the start of repolarization.
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| What is Phase 2 in Fast Potentials? | Calcium ions (Ca++) enter the cell and cause a plateau (maintaining the positive charge).
This delays repolarization -- important for muscle contraction.
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| What is Phase 3 in Fast Potentials? | Calcium ions (Ca++) stops influx and Potassium (K+) rapidly exits the cell. This returns the cell membrane to its normal electrical charge.
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| What is Phase 4 in Fast Potentials? | Represents the Resting Membrane Potential (RMP).
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| What is the Parasympathetic/Cholinergic Primary Neurotraansmitter? | Acetycholine
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| What is the Sympathetic/Adrenergic Primary Neurotransmitter? | Norepinephrine
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| List Three Parasympathetic/Cholinergic stimulant terms. | Parasympathomimetic
Cholinergic
Parasympathetic Agoinst
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| List Four Parasympathetic/Cholinergic Suppressant Terms. | Parasympatholytic
Anticholinergic
Parasympathetic Antagonist
Cholinergic Blocker
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| List Five Sympathetic/Adrenergic Stimulant Terms. | Sympathomimetic
Adrenergic
Sympathetic Agonist
Alpha Agonist
Beta Agonist
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| List Five Sympathetic/Adrenergic Suppressant Terms. | Sympatholytic
Antiadrenergic
Sympathetic Antagonist
Alpha Blocker
Beta Blocker
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| Phase 2 of Fast Potentials is called what? | Absolute Refractory Period
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| If a stimulus occurred at Phase 2 of Fast Potentials the stimulus wouldn't have an effect because? | Because the Ions are all in the "wrong place".
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| Phase 3 of Fast Potentials is called what? | Relative Refractory Period
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| If an unusually strong stimulus occurred at Phase 3 of Fast Potentials, enough ions are "back in the right place" for an action potential to be propagated. What does this mean? | This means the if the heart were in a dysrhythmia the Relative Refractory Period is the best time to start an action potential to fix the rhythm.
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| How do Slow Potentials Depolarize? | By the slow influx of Ca++ (slow Ca++ channels)
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| Where do Calcium Channel Blockers take effect? | With slow potentials and the depolarization by the slow influx of Ca++.
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| Where do Abnormal heart rhythms arise from? | Abnormal impulse formation (automaticity) Abnormal conductivity (re-entry)
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| What are the most common heart dysrhythmias? | The Tachys and the Bradys
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| What would excessive parasympathetic stimulation do to the heart? | Slow it down.
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| What drug would you use to treat bradycardia? | Atropine
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| What is the heart's dominant pacemaker? | Sinoatrial (SA)node
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| Which myocardial tissue has the ability to create its own electrical impulse (automaticity)? | All mycocardial tissue both contractile and conductive.
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| At rest there are more of what kind of ion outside the cell than inside? | More positive ions outside the cell than inside. This is why the cell has a slight negative charge.
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| What is the primary ion inside the cell? | Na+ Sodium
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| What is the primary ion outside of the cell? | K+ Potassium
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| Which ion is responsible for muscle contraction? | Calcium Ca++
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