PHHS - APHUG: Important vocab for Unit 4 - Political Geography
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| study of the political organization of the planet | political geography
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| concept of controlling and protecting territory that is yours | territoriality
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| final authority over a territory's political affairs | sovereignty
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| a population that shares a similar culture | nation
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| a politically organized territory that has a sovereign government | state
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| an internal divison of a state | State, Province, Canton, Prefecture, etc
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| stateless nation | a nation that does not have a government that represents their interests
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| nation-state | a state that is dominated by a single cultural (ethnic) group
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| key event leading to the formation of modern states in Europe | Norman Invasion of England, 1066
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| concept of two or more sovereign states uniting for a common purpose | supranationalism
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| organization for international diplomacy; most of the world's sovereign states are members | United Nations
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| organization in Europe to benefit the member countries economically | European Union
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| catergorizing and analyzing countries based on their size, shape, and relative location | territorial morphology
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| country where the distance from the center to all borders is approximately the same | compact state
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| country that is divided up into two or more pieces | fragmented state
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| country that is "stretched"; has a long, thin shape | elongated state
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| country that has an extension, or "arm", off of a compact core | prorupt state
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| country that has a hole in it, caused by another state or physical feature | perforated state
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| state that has no access to an ocean or open sea | landlocked state
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| small outlier of territory separated from a state by the territory of another state | exclave
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| a piece of territory completely surrounded by the territory of one separate sovereign state | enclave
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| a state with a very small land area | microstate
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| step 1 of the boundary creation process; both states argree where the boundary is located | definition
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| step 2 of the boundary creation process; cartographers add the new boundary on maps | delimitation
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| step 3 of the boundary creation process; the boundary is visually indentified on the earth's surface (optional) | demarcation
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| a boundary that is a straight line | geometric boundary
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| a boundary that is formed by a naturally occuring feature | physical-political boundary (or natural-political boundary)
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| a boundary that separates cultural groups | cultural-political boundary
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| a boundary has existed before the present cultural landscape (before modern-day countries) | antecedent boundary
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| a boundary that has changed greatly over time | subsequent boundary
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| a boundary that is laid over top of a single, unified cultural landscape | superimposed boundary
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| a boundary that no longer exists but still affects the culture | relict boundary
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| a boundary dispute over the legal language and interpretation of the boundary definition agreement | definitional boundary dispute
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| a boundary dispute over the delimitation or demarcation of the boundary | locational boundary dispute
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| a boundary dispute over movement across the boundary | operational boundary dispute
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| a boundary dispute over a natural resource located on the boundary | allocational boundary dispute
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| rule by a sovereign power over a foreign people and place | colonialism
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| colonialism where the mother country takes advantage of the colonial territory, mostly for natural resources and other economic gain | imperialism
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| the interaction between countries in relation to where they are located | geopolitics
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| founded by Sir Halford Mackinder; states that control of central Asia was most important to control Eurasia and the world | Heartland Theory
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| founded by Nicholas Spykman; stated that control of the lands on the edge of the Eurasian continent was most important to control Eurasia and the world | Rimland Theory
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| founded by Saul Cohen; stated that geopolitical breakdowns during the Cold War were likely to occur in the edge of Eurasia, or the "Inner Crescent" | Shatterbelt Theory
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| an area that contains a state's major cities, population cluster, economic activity, and transportation infrastructure | core area
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| a state with more than one core area | multi-core state
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| a city where a country's government is located | capital
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| a capital city that is moved to help achieve some type of national objective (often to assert land claims) | forward capital
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| the city that is by far the largest, most powerful, most influential city in a state | primate city
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| a state government type where the central government possess all sovereignty | unitary government
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| a state government type where sovereignty is shared between the central government and the regional governments that make up the state's internal divisions | federal government
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| redistricting for advantage | gerrymandering
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| forces that unite the population of a country | centripetal forces
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| forces that divide the population of a country | centrifugal forces
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| unit that is equal to 1.15 statute (land) miles | nautical mile
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| area of sea adjacent to a country's coast extending 12 nautical miles. All of the country's laws apply | territorial sea
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| area of sea outside of all territorial seas. Admiralty Law is in effect | "High Seas" or international waters
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| area of sea extending 200 nautical miles from a country's coast. That country has rights to all economic activities in this area | exclusive economic zone (EEZ)
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| series of conventions that establish the rules governing modern-day sea boundaries | United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
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| principle used to divide sea territory when two state's EEZs overlap | median-line principle
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| any organization that is made up of several member countries; operates on the principle of supranationalism | multi-state organization
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| when a region in a state wants to break away to form its own state, or join a new state | irredentism
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| process by which a region in a state gains political strength and autonomy at the expense of the central government | devolution
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| a government style where the monarch is supreme and possesses all sovereignty | absolute monarchy
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| a government style where a monarch acts as a figurehead; most power resides within a representative legislature | constitutional monarchy
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| a governmnent style where the people have power; leaders are elected and the economy enjoys a high degree of autonomy | free-market democracy
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| government style where all people are equal and all property is state owned. The government controls all facets of the economy; no free enterprise | communism (utilizing a planned economy)
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