Vocabulary from Chpt. 8 of Holt Modern Biology: Cell Reproduction
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| Chromosome | Rod-shaped structures made of DNA and proteins
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| Histones | Proteins that help maintain the shape of the chromosome and aid in the tight packing of DNA
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| Chromatid | Half of a chromosome
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| Centromere | The attachment point for two chromatid
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| Chromatin | Less tightly coiled DNA-protein complex found before cell division
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| Sex chromosomes | Chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism; may also carry genes for other characteristics
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| Autosomes | Chromosomes in an organism other than sex chromosomes
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| Homologous Chromosomes | Chromosomes that are the same size and shape and carry genes for the same traits; one copy is received from each of the parents
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| Karyotypes | Photomicrograph of chromosomes found in a dividing cell found in a human
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| Diploid | Cells having two sets of chromosomes
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| Haploid | Cells having only one set of chromosomes
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| Binary Fission | Division of a prokaryotic cell into two offspring cells
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| Mitosis | A process of cell division which results in new cells with genetic material that is identical to the genetic material of the original cell
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| Asexual reproduction | The production of offspring from one parent
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| Meiosis | The process of cell division which reduces the chromosome number by half in new cells
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| Gametes | Haploid reproductive cells
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| Interphase | Time between cell divisions
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| Cytokinesis | Division of a cell's cytoplasm
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| Prophase | First phase of mitosis
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| Spindle fibers | Made of microtubules that radiate from the centrosomes in preparation for metaphase
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| Metaphase | Second phase of mitosis; where chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
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| Anaphase | Third stage of mitosis; where chromatids begin to separate and travel to opposite ends of the dividing cell
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| Telophase | Fourth step of mitosis; where chromosomes reach the opposite sides of the dividing cell
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| Cell plate | Formed from vesicles from the Golgi apparatus, help to form a new cell wall for dividing plant cells
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| Synapsis | Pairing of homologous chromosomes, occurs only in meiosis
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| Tetrad | Pairs of homologous chromosomes (4 chromatids)
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| Crossing-over | Where portions of chromatids may break off and attach to adjacent chromatids on homologous chromosomes
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| Genetic recombination | Results from the mixing of genetic information through crossing over
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| Independent assortment | Random separation of the homologous chromosome
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| Spermatogenesis | The production of sperm cells
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| Oogenesis | Production of mature egg cells, called ova
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| Polar bodies | Produced during meiosis in addition to one mature egg cell
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| Sexual reproduction | The production of offspring through meiosis and the union of a sperm and an egg
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