Research Background
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| Descriptive studies: Establishing the Facts | Psychologists gather evidence to support their hypotheses by using different methods, depending on the kinds of questions they want to answer.
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| Descriptive Methods | Methods that yield descriptions of behavior but not casual explanations
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| Case Studies | A detailed description of an individual based on observation or formal psychological training including information about the person’s childhood, dreams, fantasies, experiences, relationships, and hopes that will provide insight into the person’s behavior
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| Observable studies | researchers observe, measure, and record behavior without interfering with the people or animals they observe. The researchers disguise their research to keep their subjects from noticing as well as using careful record keeping to allow accuracy
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| Tests | Tests may be used to promote self-understanding, to evaluate psychological treatments, or in scientific research, to draw generalizations about human behavior. Well constructed psychological tests are a great improvement over simple self-evaluation, beca
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| Psychological tests | assessment instruments, are procedures used for measuring and evaluating personality traits, emotional states, aptitudes, interests, abilities, and values
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| Objective tests | “inventories,” measure beliefs, feelings, or behaviors of which an individual is aware
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| Projective tests | designed to tap unconscious feelings or motives
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| Tests must be reliable | produce the same results from one time and place to the next.
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| Test-retest method | giving the test twice to the same group of people, then comparing the two sets of scores statistically
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| Tests must be valid | it must measure what it is mean to measure. The test has to have content validity meaning that if you are testing creativity, it is not valid if it actually measures verbal sophistication.
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| Surveys | questionnaires and interviews that gather information about people by asking them directly about their experiences or attitudes
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