Chabner, Language of Medicine 8th Edition, Chpt 17 Vocabulary
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| accommodation | normal adjustment of the eye to focus on objects from far to near
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| anterior chamber | area behind hte cornea and in front of the lens and iris. it contains aqueous humor.
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| aqueous humor | fluid produced by the ciliary body and found in the anterior chamber
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| biconvex | having two sides that are rounded, elevated, and curved evenly, like part of a sphere
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| choroid | middle, vascular layer of the eye, between the retina and the sclera
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| ciliary body | structure on each side of the lens that connects the choroid and iris. It contains ciliary muscles, which control the shape of the lens, and it secretes aqueous humor.
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| cone | photoreceptor cell in the retina that transforms light energy into a nerve impulse. responsible for color and central vision
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| conjunctiva | delicate membrane lining the eyelids and covering the anterior eyeball
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| cornea | fibrous trnsparent layer of clear tissue that extends over the anterior portion of the eyeball
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| fovea centralis | tiny pit or depression in the retina that is the region of clearest vision
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| fundus of the eye | posterior, inner part of the eye
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| iris | colored pigmented membrane surrounding the pupil of the eye
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| lens | transparent, biconvex body behind the pupil of the eye. it bends (refracts) light rays to bring them into focus on the retina
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| macula | yellowish region on the retina lateral to and slightly below the optic disc; contains fovea centralis, which is the area of clearest vision
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| optic chiasm | point at which optic nerve fibers cross in the brain
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| optic disc | region at the back of the eye where the optic nerve meets the retina. it is the blind spot of the eye because it contains only nerve fibers, no rods or cones, and is thus insensitive to light
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| optic nerve | cranial nerve carrying impulses from the retina to the brain (cerebral cortex)
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| pupil | dark opening of the eye, surrounded by the iris, through which light rays pass
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| refraction | bending of light rays by the cornea, lens, and fluids of the eye to bring the rays into focus on the retina
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| retina | light-sensitive nerve cell layer of the eye containing photoreceptor cells (rods & cones)
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| rod | photoreceptor cell of the retina essential for vision in dim light and for peripheral vision
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| sclera | tough, white outer coat of the eyeball
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| thalamus | relay center of the brain. optic nerve fibers pass through here on their way to the cerebral cortex
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| vitreous humor | soft, jelly-like material behind the lens in the vitreous chamber; helps maintain the shape of the eyeball
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| astigmatism | defective curvature of the cornea or lens of the eye
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| hyperopia (hypermetropia) | farsightedness
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| myopia | nearsightedness
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| presbyopia | impairment of vision as a result of old age
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| cataract | clouding of the lens, causing decreased vision
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| chalazion | small, hard, cystic mass (granuloma) on the eyelid; formed as a result of chronic inflammation of a sebaceous gland along the margin of the eyelid
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| diabetic retinopathy | retinal effects of diabetes mellitus include microaneurysms, hemorrhages, dilation of retinal veins, and neovascularization
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| glaucoma | increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss of vision
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| hordeolum (stye) | localized, purulent, inflammatory staphylococcal infection of a sebaceous gland in the eyelid
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| macular degeneration | progessive damage to the macula of the retina
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| nystagmus | repetitive rhythmic movements of one or both eyes
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| retinal detachment | two layers of the retina separate from each other
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| strabismus | abnormal deviation of the eye
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| esotropia | one eye turns inward; cross-eyed
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| exotropia | one eye turns outward; wall-eyed
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| hypertropia | upward deviation of one eye
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| hypotropia | downward deviation of one eye
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| amblyopia | partial loss of vision or lazy eye
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| diplopia | double vision
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| auditory canal | channel that leads from the pinna to the eardrum
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| auditory meatus | auditory canal
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| auditory nerve fibers | carry impulses from the inner ear to the brain (cerebral cortex), these fibers compose the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII)
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| auditory tube | channel between the middle ear and the nasopharynx; eustachain tube
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| auricle | flap of the ear; the protruding part of the external ear, or pinna
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| cerumen | waxy substance secreted by the external ear; also called ear wax
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| cochlea | snail-shaped, spirally wound tube in the inner ear; contains hearing-sensitive receptor cells
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| endolymph | fluid within the labyrinth of the inner ear
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| eustachian tube | auditory tube
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| incus | second ossicle (bone) of the middle ear; means anvil
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| labyrinth | maze-like series of canals of the inner ear
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| malleus | first ossicle of the middle ear; means hammer
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| organ of Corti | sensitive auditory receptor area found in the cochlea of the inner ear
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| ossicle | small bone of the ear
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| oval window | membrane between the middle ear and the inner ear
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| perilymph | fluid contained in the labyrinth of the inner ear
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| pinna | auricle; flap of the ear
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| semicircular canals | passages in the inner ear associated with maintaining equilibrium
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| stapes | third ossicle of the middle ear. means stirrup
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| tympanic membrane | membrane between the outer and middle ear; also called the eardrum
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| vestibule | central cavity of the labyrinth, connecting thhe semicircular canals and the cochlea. contains two structures, the saccule and utricle, that help maintain equilibrium
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| acoustic neuroma | benign tumor arising from the acoustic vestibulocochlear nerve in the brain
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| cholesteatoma | collection of skin cells and cholesterol in a sac within thhe middle ear
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| deafness | loss of the ability to hear
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| Meniere disease | disorder of the labyrinth of the inner ear; elevated endolymph pressure within the cochlea and semicircular canals
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| otitis media | inflammation of the middle ear
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| suppurative otitis media | invasion of bacteria in the middle ear, pus formation occurs
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| serous otitis media | noninfectious inflammation with accumulation of serous fluid
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| otosclerosis | hardening of the bony tissue of the middle ear
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| tinnitus | sensation of noises (ringing, buzzing, whistling, booming) in the ears
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| vertigo | sensation of irregular or whirling motion either of oneself or of external objects
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| aphakia | absence of the lens of the eye
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