Human Geography Chapter 12
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| What does spatial analysis deal with? | Deals with distance, movement, or volume of something
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| Tourism and eco-tourism considered? | A service
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| What is the enclosure movement and how did Great Britain use it? | It was used to improve agriculture production. Great Britain transformed the rural landscape by consolidating individually owned strips of land into single, large farms.
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| How did Great Britain take the land? | Sometimes by force.
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| Who proposed the central place theory? | Walter Christaller
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| What theory seeks to explain how services are distributed and why a regular pattern of settlements exists? | Central Place Theory
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| What did Christaller's theory state about cities and services? | That they have a hierarchical setup.
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| The area surrounding a service from which customers are attracted is known as what? | The market area or hinterland
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| What is range? | The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.
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| What is threshold? | The minimum number of people needed to support the service.
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| What is the optimal location for a business? | The most number of people within its range with a minimum driving distance/time without overlapping the range of a similar service.
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| What would the consequence of overlapping ranges of similar services be? | Risks of losing customers to that competitor.
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| Ur, Titris Hoyuk, Athens, and Rome are all examples of what? | Ancient world cities
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| What are the three modern world cities? | NYC, London, and Tokyo
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| International company headquarters, significant global financial functions, and a polarized social structure are located where? | Center of modern world cities
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| What do command and control centers contain? | HQ of large corporations, well-developed banking facilities, and concentrated businesses.
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| What is an example of a command/control center? | Boston or Denver
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| An industry that exports primarily to consumers outside the settlement and bring in capital from outside the settlement is known as what? | A basic industry
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| What is a nonbasic industry? | Enterprises whose customers live in the same community.
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| Retail services in the CBD tend to be those with what type of threshold? | A high threshold
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| Why do fewer people live in the CND than in the past? | The businesses are more able to pay the high rents associated with downtown apartments, and many people
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| Why do many people want to move to the suburbs? | To access better schools, less crowded streets, and larger homes.
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| The few residents left downtown are often what? | Poor and trapped in a cycle of poverty
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| Why are department stores and other business with high thresholds clustered in suburban malls as opposed to downtown? | The availability and low cost of land in the suburbs versus downtown
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| The process by which the population of cities grow by an increase in the number of people living in cities and/or an increase in the percentage of people living in cities is? | Urbanization
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| Who has the world's largest cities: MDCs or LDCs? | LDCs
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| How does growth result in the world's largest cities? | Emigrating from the countryside to the city
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| Louis Wirth socially defined the city as having what three characteristics? | Large size, high density, and social heterogeneity
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| Where were most North American cities located before 1850? | Near navigatable water ways
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| List the usual hierarchy of political administrative unites in order. | Empire, nation-state, province, and county
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| When is a place considered a megalopolis? | When the MSA of cities overlap a mega city is the result (or megalopolis)
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| What is an example of a megalopolis? | Boshwash corridor
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| Who created the concentric zone model? | E.W. Burgess
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| What model show the city as growing outward in concentric rings? | Concentric-Zone Model
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| Who created the Sector Model? | Homer Hoyt
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| What is the sector model? | A modification of the concentric zone model, but uses sectors instead of zones
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| Who created the multiple nuclei model? | C.D. Harris and E.L. Ullman
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| What model says that the pattern of urban development is no pattern and a city is a complex structure that has more than one node? | Multiple Nuclei Model
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| What do European and less developed cities direction of wealth do? | Increases, opposite of ours
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| Where do European and less developed cities' rich and poor live? | Rich- downtown Poor-outskirts
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| Low income groups tend to live in what type of residential area and where do they radiate from? | Linear Residential Area and radiate from center city outward
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| What are squatter settlements? | The outskirts are of many LDC cities where the poor are clustered
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| What do Squatter settlements typically lack? | Running water, schools, electricity, mass transit, or any other service that one would expect in a city
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| Shatter-belt regions could have what type of neighborhoods? | Ethnically reflective neighborhoods
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| What is the shatter-belt region? | An area of instability located between regions with opposing political and cultural values
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| What is an example of a shatter-belt region? | Yugoslavia
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| The process in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the property from private owners, "relocate" the residents, clear the site, build new infrastructure, and develop it into a new business district is know as? | Urban Renewal
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| What is gentrification? | The process by which middle-class people move into deteriorated neighborhoods and renovate the housing.
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| People who are often attracted to cheap housing, proximity to CBD, and availability of city amenities best fit under agglomeration or gentrification? | Gentrification
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| What are rings of open space found within European cities know as? | Greenbelts
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| What is smart growth? | Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland.
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| Areas that develop around the ring road that are nodes of consumer and business services are what? | Edge Cities
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| Edge cities typically have a large amount of what? | Recently developed retail and office space
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| Who created the peripheral model? | C.D. Harris
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| What does the peripheral model suggest? | An urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road
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| Laws developed in Europe and North America in the early 20th century that encourage spatial separation by congregating people of similar background and economic state is known as what? | Zoning Ordinances
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