Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
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| hindsight bias | show 🗑
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| show | thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. (p. 24)
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| show | an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events. (p. 25)
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| hypothesis | show 🗑
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| show | a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures. (p. 26)
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| show | repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances. (p. 26)
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| case study | show 🗑
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| show | a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group. (p. 27)
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| show | all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn. (Note - Except for national studies, this does not refer to a country’s whole population.) (p. 28)
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| random sample | show 🗑
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| show | observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation. (p. 28)
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| show | a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. (p. 29)
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| correlation coefficient | show 🗑
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| scatterplot | show 🗑
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| illusory correlation | show 🗑
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| show | a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (ind vars) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dep. var.). By random assignment of parts, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors. (p. 34)
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| show | assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups. (p. 34)
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| show | an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies. (p. 35)
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| placebo | show 🗑
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| experimental group | show 🗑
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| control group | show 🗑
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| independent variable | show 🗑
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| show | a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment. (p. 35)
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| show | the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. (p. 35)
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| show | the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution. (p. 37)
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| show | the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores. (p. 38)
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| show | the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it. (p. 38)
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| show | the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution. (p. 39)
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| standard deviation | show 🗑
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| show | (normal distribution) a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes. (pp. 40, 536)
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| statistical significance | show 🗑
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| show | the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. (pp. 43, 661)
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| informed consent | show 🗑
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| debriefing | show 🗑
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