Psychology Ch.3
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| neuron | nerve cell specialized for communication
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| dendrite | portion of neuron that receives signals
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| synaptic vesicle | spherical sac containing neurotransmitters
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| neurotransmitter | chemical messenger specialized for communication from neuron to neuron
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| synapse | space between two connecting neurons through which messages are transmitted chemically
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| synaptic cleft | a gap into which neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal
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| glial cell | cell in nervous system that plays a role in the formation of myelin and the blood-brain barrier, responds to injury, removes debris and enhances learning and memory
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| myelin sheath | glial cells wrapped around axons that act as insulators of the neuron's signal
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| resting potential | electrical charge difference across the neuronal membrane, when the neuron is not being stimulated or inhibited
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| threshold | membrane potential necessary to trigger an action potential
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| action potential | electrical impulse that travels down the axon triggering the release of neurotransmitters
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| absolute refractory period | time during which another action potential is impossible; limits maximal firing rate
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| receptor site | location that uniquely recognizes a neurotransmitter
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| reuptake | means of recycling neurotransmitters
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| endorphin | chemical in the brain that plays a specialized role in pain reduction
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| plasticity | ability of the nervous system to change
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| stem cell | a cell, often originating in embryos, having the capacity to differentiate into a more specialized cell
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| neurogenesis | creation of new neurons in the adult brain
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| central nervous system (CNS) | part of nervous system containing brain and spinal cord that controls the mind and behavior
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| peripheral nervous system (PNS) | nerves in the body that extend outside the central nervous system
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| cerebral ventricles | pockets in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid, which provide the brain with nutrients and cushion against injury
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| forebrain (cerebrum) | forward part of the brain that allows advanced intellectual activities
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| cerebral hemispheres | two halves of the cerebral cortex, each of which serve distinct yet highly integrated functions
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| corpus callosum | large band of fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres
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| cerebral cortex | outermost part of the forebrain, it's responsible for analyzing sensory processing and higher brain functions
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| frontal lobe | forward part of the cerebral cortex responsible for motor function, language, memory, and planning
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| motor cortex | part of frontal lobe responsible for body movement
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| prefrontal cortex | part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, and language
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| Broca's area | language area in the prefrontal cortex that helps to control speech production
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| parietal lobe | upper middle part of the cerebral cortex lying behind the frontal lobe that is specialized for touch and perception
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| temporal lobe | lower part of cerebral cortex that plays roles in hearing, understanding language, and memory
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| Wernicke's area | part of the temporal lobe involved in understanding speech
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| occipital lobe | back part of cerebral cortex specialized for vision
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| primary sensory cortex | regions of the cerebral cortex that initially process information from the senses
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| association cortex | regions of the cerebral cortex that integrate simpler functions to perform more complex functions
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| basal ganglia | structures in the forebrain that help to control movement
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| limbic system | emotional center of brain that also plays roles in smell, motivation, and memory
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| thalamus | gateway from the sense organs to the primary sensory cortex
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| hypothalamus | part of the brain responsible for maintaining a constant internal state
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| amygdala | part of limbic system that plays key roles in fear, excitement, and arousal
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| hippocampus | part of the brain that plays a role in spatial memory
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| brain stem | part of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebral cortex that contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla
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| midbrain | part of the brain stem that contributes to movement, tracking of visual stimuli, and reflexes triggered by sound
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| reticular activating system (RAS) | brain area that plays a key role in arousal
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| hindbrain | region below the midbrain that contains the cerebellum, pons, and medulla
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| cerebellum | brain structure responsible for our sense of balance
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| pons | part of brain stem that connects the cortex with the cerebellum
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| medulla | part of brain stem involved in basic functions such as heartbeat and breathing
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| spinal cord | thick bundle of nerves that conveys signals between the brain and the body
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| interneuron | neuron that sends messages to other neurons nearby
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| reflex | an automatic motor response to a sensory stimulus
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| somatic nervous system | part of the nervous system that conveys information between the CNS and the body, controlling and coordinating voluntary movement
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| autonomic nervous system | part of the nervous system controlling involuntary actions of our internal organs and glands, which (along with limbic system) participates in emotion regulation
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| sympathetic nervous system | division of the autonomic nervous system engaged during a crisis or after actions requiring fight or flight
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| parasympathetic nervous system | division of autonomic nervous system that controls rest and digestion
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| endocrine system | system of glands and hormones that controls secretion of blood-borne chemical messengers
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| hormone | chemical released into the bloodstream that influences particular organs and glands
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| pituitary gland | master gland that, under the control of the hypothalamus, directs the other glands of the body
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| EEG | recording of brain's electrical activity at the surface of the skull
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| CT | a scanning technique using multiple X-rays to construct three-dimensional images
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| MRI | technique that uses magnetic fields to indirectly visualize brain structure
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| PET | imaging technique that measures consumption of glucose-like molecules, yielding a picture of neural activity in different regions of the brain
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| fMRI | technique that uses magnetic fields to visualize brain activity using the BOLD response (blood oxygenation)
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| TMS | technique that applies strong and quickly changing magnetic fields to the surface of the skull that can either enhance or interrupt brain function
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| MEG | technique that measures brain activity by detecting tiny magnetic fields generated by the brain
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| lateralization | cognitive function that relies more on one side of the brain than the other
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| chromosome | slender thread inside a cell's nucleus that carries genes
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| gene | genetic material composed of deoxyribonucleic acid
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| genotype | our genetic makeup
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| phenotype | our observable traits
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| heritability | percentage of the variability in a trait across individuals that is due to genes
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Created by:
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