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Psych for AP - Ch 2 Test

Enter the letter for the matching Answer
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1.
normal curve
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2.
hindsight bias
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3.
correlation
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4.
confounding variable
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5.
standard deviation
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6.
independent variable
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7.
theory
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8.
mean
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9.
placebo
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10.
population
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11.
critical thinking
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12.
experimental group
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13.
mode
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14.
median
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15.
replication
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16.
debriefing
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17.
informed consent
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18.
case study
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19.
scatterplot
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20.
statistical significance
A.
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.) (p. 20)
B.
the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution. (p. 37)
C.
repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances. (p. 26)
D.
a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score. (p. 39)
E.
(normal distribution) a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes. (pp. 40, 536)
F.
a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment. (p. 35)
G.
the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. (p. 35)
H.
a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship bet the 2 vars. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation. (p. 29)
I.
the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores. (p. 38)
J.
a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. (p. 29)
K.
the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it. (p. 38)
L.
a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance. (p. 41)
M.
in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable. (p. 35)
N.
[pluh-SEE-bo; Latin for “I shall please”] effect experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent. (p. 35)
O.
all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn. (Note - Except for national studies, this does not refer to a country’s whole population.) (p. 28)
P.
an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. (p. 26)
Q.
the postexperimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants. (p. 45)
R.
an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events. (p. 25)
S.
an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate. (p. 45)
T.
thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. (p. 24)
Type the Question that corresponds to the displayed Answer.
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21.
a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from −1 to +1). (p. 29)
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22.
the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. (p. 35)
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23.
the perception of a relationship where none exists. (p. 32)
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24.
a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures. (p. 26)
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25.
a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group. (p. 27)
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26.
a testable prediction, often implied by a theory. (p. 25)
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27.
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion. (p. 28)
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28.
an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies. (p. 35)
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29.
observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation. (p. 28)
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30.
assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups. (p. 34)

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