AR Biological Animal Word Scramble
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| Term | Definition |
| cud | in ruminants, a ball-like mass of feed that is brought up from the stomach to be re-chewed |
| curd | an acid buildup created by bacteria, consisting mostly of casein and obtained from soured milk through coagulation |
| vitamin | an organic compound needed in small amounts for nutrition |
| inbreeding | the mating of closely related animals |
| mastitis | an inflammation of the mammary gland that is usually associated with infection |
| ovulation | the release of the egg from the ovary |
| recommendation | a suggestion on how results should be used or for further experimentation |
| antibiotic | a chemical agent that prevents the growth of a germ or bacteria |
| ruminant | an animal that has a stomach divided into several compartments |
| gene | a unit of inheritance that is composed of DNA |
| nutrient | a chemical element or compound that aids in the support of life |
| disinfectant | a chemical that destroys microbes by breaking down cell proteins |
| embryo transfer | moving an embryo from one female animal to another of the same species |
| phenotype | the physical appearance of an organism |
| super ovulation | the stimulation of more than the usual number of ovulations during a single estrous cycle due to the injection of certain hormones |
| selective breeding | the breeding of selected animals chosen because of certain desirable qualities or fitness |
| monogastric | refers to an animal that only has one stomach or stomach compartment |
| dominant | relating to one of a pair of allelic hereditary factors that dominates the other and appears in the organism |
| refrigeration | artificial cooling that drastically reduces microbial growth of certain bacteria |
| safety | preventing loss or injury |
| mold | fungi distinguished by the formation of a network of filaments or thread or by spore masses |
| replication | exact duplication of an experiment |
| hypothesis | a tentatively accepted theory that explains the relationship between two variables |
| noninfectious disease | a disease that cannot be transmitted from one animal to another |
| chromosome | that part of a cell that contains information about genetic makeup and transmits that information to offspring |
| salmonella | a large group of bacteria, some of which cause food poisoning |
| anthelmintic | a chemical compound used for treating internal worms in animals |
| regurgitation | to return undigested food from the stomach to the mouth as with ruminants |
| genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism; allele composition |
| antimicrobial | a substance that can destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms |
| intramammary | injections placed in the mammary glands |
| zygote | a cell formed by the union of two gametes |
| hypothesis | a tentatively accepted theory that explains the relationship between two variables |
| intradermal | injections placed in the skin tissue |
| follicle stimulating hormone | a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that promotes growth of ovarian follicles in the female and sperm in the male |
| recommendation | suggestions on how results should be used; suggestions for further experimentation |
| passive immunity | immunity that is temporary |
| subcutaneous | an injection placed just under the skin but above muscle tissue |
| hormone | an organic material given off by a body gland that helps to regulate body functions |
| isolation | confining an animal away from other animals to prevent breeding or spread of disease |
| biotechnology | the management of biological systems for the benefit of humanity |
| personal safety | promoting the protection of individuals from injury |
| whey | the watery liquid that is separated from the curd after milk coagulation |
| biological science | the study of living organisms |
| nonruminant | an animal that has a simple, one-compartment stomach |
| finishing | the increased feeding of an animal just prior to butchering that results in rapid gains and increased carcass quality |
| follicle | a small blister-like development on the surface of the ovary that contains the developing ovum |
| parturition | the act of giving birth |
| gamete | the sex cell; either an egg or a sperm |
| estrous cycle | the time between periods of estrus |
| coliform bacteria | a group of bacteria that usually inhabits the intestines of animals and lives in manure and on wood |
| gene splicing | the process of adding new genetic material within the DNA sequence of an organism |
| corpus luteum | a reddish-yellow mass that forms in a ruptured follicle in the ovary of mammals; the hormone progesterone is released by the corpus luteum |
| oxytocin | a hormone that causes contractions of the uterus during breeding and parturition and causes milk letdown |
| anaerobic bacteria | organisms that grow without the presence of oxygen |
| experiment | a set of procedures used to gather information |
| copulation | the mating of a male and female |
| paraffin | a thin layer of waxy material that helps seal the surface of a fruit to prevent damage to the skin |
| research | investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts |
| colostrum | the milk produced the first few days after parturition |
| bacteria | one-celled microorganisms; many species |
| manipulation | management of the independent variable in an experiment |
| zoonos | a disease communicable from animals to humans under natural conditions; also is know as zoonotic disease |
| mineral | an inorganic substance needed in small amount for proper nutrition |
| curing | adding substances to food to prevent spoilage; salting, smoking, pickling, etc. |
| occupational safety | promoting safety in the workplace |
| pickling | a process of food preservation that uses a solution, such as vinegar, that is too acidic for microbes to grow |
| findings | actual data generated from an experiment |
| aerobic bacteria | organisms that grow only in the presence of oxygen |
| vaccine | a substance that contains live, modified, or dead organisms or their products that is injected into an animal in an attempt to protect the host from disease caused by that particular organism |
| independent variable | the variable in an experiment that is manipulated |
| infectious disease | a disease that is contagious; a disease that is transmitted from one animal to another |
| rumination | the process of digestion in cattle whereby food is swallowed to the first stomach (the rumen) and then regurgitated into the mouth and chewed over again to be swallowed for further processing by the second, third, and fourth stomachs |
| hybridization | the production of hybrids by natural crossing or by manipulated crossing |
| heterozygous | having different alleles for a single trait, and, therefore, producing two or more different kinds of gametes |
| yogurt | a semisolid, fermented milk product |
| penicillium | any of a genus of imperfect fungi growing as green mold on stale bread, ripening cheese, or decaying fruit |
| sanitation | the development and practical application of measures designed to maintain or restore healthful conditions |
| zoology | the branch of biology that deals with animal life |
| lipids | fats and oils made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| recessive | an allele that is not expressed phenotypically when present in the heterozygous condition |
| rennet | a coagulating extract containing the enzyme rennin; used to curdle milk, as when making cheese |
| stress | a strain, or straining condition, that may be physical, chemical, or psychological and cannot be adjusted to satisfactorily |
| estrogen | a hormone produced by the ovaries |
| particle gun | a device used to insert new genetic material into an organism |
| protein | an organic compound made up of amino acids and containing carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen |
| intrarumenally | injections placed in the rumen |
| carbohydrates | organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| treatment | the manipulation of an independent variable |
| procedure | a detailed and complete description of how the experiment is or was conducted |
| fermentation | the processing of food by the use of selected yeasts, molds, or bacteria |
| pasteurization | the process of heat-treating milk to kill microbes |
| gestation | the time during which the animal is pregnant |
| animal science | the science of animals; applied zoology |
| oral | taken by mouth |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid; forms the basic material in the chromosomes of the cell nucleus |
| cheese | a food product made from the solids in milk |
| procedure | method of carrying out an experiment so it can be replicated again by other individuals |
| raw milk | untreated milk as it comes from the cow; fresh milk |
| irradiation | the process of treating of a food or feed with ultraviolet light to increase the Vitamin D content |
| perishable | any product that is easily or quickly destroyed or made unusable or unsafe |
| genetics | the study of heredity in plants and animals |
| conclusion | a specific statement about the relationship between variables |
| testosterone | a male hormone that controls the traits of the male animal |
| virus | a self-reproducing agent that is considerably smaller than a bacterium and can multiple only within the living cells of a suitable host |
| active immunity | the type of immunity in an animal that is permanent |
| microbes | minute plant and animal life; some cause disease; others are beneficial |
| casein | a phosphoprotein that is one of the main components of milk and the basis of cheese |
| bibliography | a list of references presented in a manner that the sources can be found again for verification or further studies |
| estrus | the time during which the female will accept the male for copulation; also referred to as being “in heat” |
| dependent variable | the variable that is measured to determine the effects of the independent variable |
| protozoa | a one-celled animal |
| conclusion | specific statements about the relationships between variables |
| data | factual information; information in numerical form |
| pathogen | a living, microscopic, disease-producing agent, such as a bacterium or a virus |
| canning | placing food in a container and heating it to kill all microorganisms |
| maintenance ration | the amount of feed needed to support an animal when it is not doing work, yielding no product, and gaining no weight |
| topical | medicine that is applied to the surface of the skin |
| background | information that reveals key knowledge about an item or theory that can be used to support ideas or give guidance for further investigation |
| California Mastitis Test (CMT) | a field test that estimates the extent of mastitis infection |
| ration | the total amount of feed that an animal is allowed during a 24-hour period |
| biological engineering | an advanced form of biotechnology; techniques involve gene splicing, replication, and transfer of genes to other organisms |
| abstract | a summary or short version of a piece of writing |
| intravenous | injections placed in the vein |
| lactation | the period of milk secretion |
| progesterone | a hormone produced by the ovaries that maintains pregnancy in the animal |
| laboratory accident | an accident occurring in a laboratory environment |
| dehydration | the removal of 95 percent or more of the water from any substance by exposure to high temperature |
| control group | in a scientific experiment, a group of animals, plants, etc., that do not receive the treatment under study |
| putrefaction | decomposition of animal or plant matter by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen |
| salting | a method of preserving food that uses salt to prevent the growth of microbes |
| animal restraint | holding or confining animals so that management practices may be applied |
| nonfat solids | the parts of a substance, no including the fat, that help it keep its form |
| yeast | a yellowish substance composed of microscopic, unicellular fungi that induces fermentation in juice, dough, and other materials |
| homozygous | having identical alleles at one or more loci, and, therefore, producing identical gametes |
| E. coli | bacteria that are commonly used to deliver new or altered genetic material in an organism; normally inhabit human colon |
| finding | actual data generated from an experiment |
| allele | matching genes on homologous chromosomes |
| intramuscular | injections placed in the muscle tissue |
| somatic cell count | a laboratory test that indicates the presence and severity of mastitis |
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