IntroToPsych/Chap5 Word Scramble
|
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
| Term | Definition |
| Conditioning (Pg. 132) | The ability to connect stimuli (the changes that occur in our environment) with responses (behaviors or other actions). |
| Classical Conditioning (Pg. 133) | Learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) becomes associated with a stimulus (e.g., food) that naturally produces a behavior. |
| Unconditional stimulus (Pg. 133) (US) | Something (such as food) that naturally triggers a response. |
| Unconditional response (Pg. 133) (UR) | The naturally occurring response (such as salivation) that follows the unconditioned stimulus. |
| Conditioned stimulus (Pg. 133) (CS) | A neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly presented prior to the unconditioned stimulus, begins to evoke a similar response as the unconditioned stimulus. |
| Conditioned response (Pg. 133) (CR) | An acquired response to the formerly neutral stimulus. |
| Extinction (Pg. 134) | The reduction in responding that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus. |
| Spontaneous recovery (Pg. 134) | The increase in responding to the conditioned stimulus (CS) after a pause that follows extinction. |
| Generalization (Pg. 134) | The tendency to respond to stimuli that resemble the original conditioned stimulus. |
| Discrimination (Pg. 135) | The tendency to respond differently to stimuli that are similar, but not identical. |
| Second-order conditioning (Pg. 135) | Conditioning that occurs when an existing conditioned stimulus serves as an unconditioned stimulus for a new conditioned stimulus. |
| Phobia (Pg. 135) | A strong and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation. |
| Operant conditioning (Pg. 137) | Learning that occurs based on the consequences of behavior. |
| Law of effect (Pg. 137) | The principle that responses that create a typically pleasant outcome in a particular situation are more likely to reoccur in a similar situation, where responses that produce a typically unpleasant outcome are less likely to occur again in the situation. |
| Skinner box (operant chamber) (Pg. 138) | A structure used to study operant learning in small animals. |
| Reinforcer (Pg. 138) | Any event that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior. |
| Punisher (Pg. 138) | Any event that weakens or decreases the likelihood of a behavior. |
| Positive reinforcement (Pg. 138) | The strengthening of a response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after the response. |
| Negative reinforcement (Pg. 138) | The strengthening of a response by removing a typically unpleasant stimulus after the response. |
| Positive punishment (Pg. 139) | The weakening of a response by presenting atypically unpleasant stimulus after the response. |
| Negative punishment (Pg. 139) | The weakening of a response by removing a typically pleasant stimulus after the response. |
| Continuous (or intermittent) reinforcement schedule (Pg. 139) | A reinforcement schedule in which the desired response is sometimes reinforced, and sometimes not. |
| Fixed-interval schedule (Pg. 140) | A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcement occurs for the first response made after a specific amount of time has passed. |
| Variable-interval schedule (Pg. 140) | An interval reinforcement schedule in which the timing of the reinforce is varied around the average interval, making the actual appearance of the reinforce unpredictable. |
| Fixed-ratio schedule (Pg. 141) | A reinforcement schedule in which behavior is reinforced after a specific number of responses. |
| Variable-ratio schedule (Pg. 141) | A ratio reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is provided after an average number of responses. |
| Shaping (Pg. 141) | The process of guiding an organism's behavior to the desired outcome through the use of successive approximation to a final desired behavior. |
| Primary reinforcer (Pg. 141) | Stimuli that are naturally preferred or enjoyed by the organism, such as food, water, and relief from pain. |
| Secondary reinforcer (Pg. 141) | Neutral events that have become associated with a primary reinforcer through classical conditioning. |
| Insight (Pg. 142) | The sudden understanding of the solution to a problem. |
| Latent learning (Pg. 143) | Learning that is not reinforced and not demonstrated until there is motivation to do so. |
| Observational learning (modeling) (Pg. 143) | Learning by observing the behavior of others. |
| Social dilemma (Pg. 150) | A situation in which the behavior that creates the most rewards for the individual may in the long term lead to negative consequences for the group as a whole. |
| Prisoner's dilemma game (Pg. 150) | A social dilemma in which the goals of the individual compete with the goals of another individual (or sometimes with a group of other individuals). |
Created by:
Case360
Popular Psychology sets