4A Brain & Body Word Scramble
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| Term | Definition |
| Neuroscience | branch of psychology about how biology & behavior connect. |
| Nervous system | The body's speedy, electrochemical communication system (consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems) |
| Neuron | A nerve cell; the basic building block of NS |
| Dendrites | receive messages from other neurons |
| Soma | aka cell body; life support center |
| Axon | carries messages away from cell body to terminals |
| Glial cells | Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons. |
| Myelin | fatty tissue that covers axon of some neurons to help speed up neural impulses. signals can jump from gap to gap which is faster than going down the whole axon. |
| Nerves | Neural "cables" containing many axons |
| Resting potential | a chill neuron; it is able to send a message but is waiting for another neuron to send it a message |
| Action potential | neural impulse; sending a message |
| All-or-none response | Once threshold (-55mV) is reached, the neuron MUST fire; no -55 mV = no fire |
| Axon terminals (buttons) | form junctions with other cells |
| Synapse (synaptic gap) | Terminals of one neuron almost touch the dendrites of another, but don't actually touch |
| Neurotransmitter | Chemical messengers that traverse synaptic gaps between neurons; fit like a lock and key with receptor sites |
| Receptor sites | on the dendrites of the receiving neuron |
| Excitatory effects | tell the neuron to FIRE! |
| Inhibitory effects | tell the neuron to STOP |
| Agonists | Drugs or other substances that MIMIC neurotransmitters, so it's like the original NT is in the receptor site; the response will be whatever the NT would normally do. |
| Antagonists | Drugs or other substances that BLOCK neurotransmitters, so the actual NT cannot fit in that receptor site; the response will be NOT what the NT would normally do. |
| Reuptake | re-absorption of NTs back into terminals |
| Central nervous system (CNS) | The brain and spinal cord. |
| Spinal cord | long, tubular bundle of nerve fibers that extends from the brain through the spinal column |
| Afferent (sensory) neurons | Feeling, sensory neurons; go from your senses to spinal cord, to brain, telling your brain what's going on in the world |
| Efferent (motor) neurons | Effect, motor neurons; go from your brain, to spinal cord, to muscles, telling them to move |
| Interneuron | only found in brain and spinal cord, the middle man between afferent and efferent |
| Reflex | involves only the spinal cord; says MOVE! before your brain registers trouble; A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response |
| Neuroplasticity | brain’s ability to adapt to change across the lifespan and to rewire itself after damage |
| Peripheral nervous system (PNS) | The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body. |
| Somatic nervous system | Soma = body; division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles |
| Autonomic nervous system (ANS) | division of peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs |
| Sympathetic nervous system | division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. |
| Parasympathetic nervous system | division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy. |
| Lesion | brain tissue destruction |
| Electroencephalograph (EEG) | recording of the electrical activity of brain waves |
| Computed tomography (CT) | aka CAT scan; x-ray that shows structure of brain |
| Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | magnetic fields and radio waves to produce images that show structure of brain |
| Positron emission tomography (PET) | visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given tasy |
| Gazzaniga & Sperry | studied split brain patients; showed that left/right hemispheres have different functions |
| Medulla | controls breathing & heartbeat |
| Pons | helps in coordinating movement as it is the connect between the cerebellum and the cortex |
| Reticular Formation | controls arousal (alertness) and attention |
| Cerebellum | coordinates voluntary movement and balance |
| Limbic System | emotional control center (happiness, sadness, love, anger) contains the hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus |
| Thalamus | relays messages between lower brain (like brainstem) and cerebral cortex; sensory switchboard |
| Hypothalamus | directs maintenance activities (like eating, drinking, body temperature, sleep); helps control endocrine system via pituitary gland |
| Hippocampus | helps process new memories (like learning new psychology!) |
| Amygdala | emotions like fear & anger |
| Cerebral Cortex | ultimate control & info processing center (is split into the different lobes) |
| Cerebral hemispheres | 2 hemispheres - left & right |
| Corpus callosum | Connects the hemispheres |
| Occipital Lobes | Contains the visual cortex; vision |
| Parietal Lobes | Contains the somatosensory cortex; deals with bodily sensations & positioning |
| Somatosensory cortex | body sensations |
| Temporal lobes | contains auditory cortex & Wernicke's area; mostly deals with hearing |
| frontal lobes | contains motor cortex & prefrontal cortex (personality, planning, decision making) and Broca's area; number sense, creativity, planning, logic |
| motor cortex | deals with moving body parts |
| association areas | the parts of the cerebral cortex that are unassigned to a particular task; humans have very large association areas |
| Broca's aphasia | Broken speech; person knows answer, but can't physically move their mouth to say it |
| Wernicke's aphasia | Wacky speech; person can't comprehend what is being said, so they answer in nonsense words and phrases |
| Endocrine System | chemical system; moves more slowly than electrical systems; gets hormones to the body; controlled by pituitary gland |
| Hormones | chemical messengers |
| Pituitary gland | controls endocrine system; tells other glands when to produce hormones |
| Pineal gland | highly active in early childhood and functions to control development of sexual traits |
| Thyroid gland | located in the neck and secretes the hormones that control metabolism and growth. |
| Pancreas | located across the back of the abdomen, behind the stomach. The pancreas plays a role in digestion, as well as hormone production. |
| Gonads | The sex organs in a male or female animal which make the cells needed to produce babies. |
| Ovaries | The pair of organs in a woman's body which produce eggs. Also the part of any female animal or plant that produces eggs or seeds |
| Testes | A pair of male reproductive glands that produce sperm, contained in the scrotum |
| Adrenal glands | The pair of adrenal glands are located on top of both kidneys. Adrenal glands work hand-in-hand with the hypothalamus and pituitary gland; produce adrenaline |
| Chromosomes | The threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes. A human cell has twenty-three pairs of chromosomes, one member of each pair coming from each parent. |
| DNA | (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. |
| Genes | the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; they are segments of the DNA molecules capable of synthesizing a protein. |
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