CNS -PCC Word Scramble
O T O O T N Y V E A L U N N P C M R
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| Question | Answer |
| What is a synonym for the somatic component of the NS? | Voluntary component |
| Which nerve fibers, parasympathetic or sympathetic have a more widespread effect? | The sympathetic because of the ratio of preganglionic to postganglionic neurons. Sympathetic = 1:17 Parasympathetic = 1:2 |
| Function of Astrocytes | 1. Connective tissue-like function 2. Part of the BBB 3. Store (very little) glucose in the CNS 4. Forms a scar like tissue after injury to CNS 5. Are affected by neurotransmitters and maybe even ions (K) |
| Cerebral Spinal Fluid: causes for obstructions | Neoplasmic growths, small or absent openings |
| What percentage of the normal cardiac output does the brain consume? | 14-17% |
| Does the arachnoid mater dip into the fissures and sulci of the brain? | Yes, wherever the dura mater goes, the arachnoid mater is sure to follow. |
| Astrocytes ( stellate shape) | Most common cell in the NS. Most mobility potential. Stop dividing around age 5 or 6. |
| Multipolar Neuron | One cell body, multiple processes |
| Epineurium | Highly collagenous outer coat of a nerve. Inelastic and adds protection, streght and support to the fasciculi within. Continuous with the dura mater. |
| Parts of the Pia: Epipial Layer | A complex of cells and collagen bundles continuous with the arachnoid tuberculae. Blood vessels going or coming from the CNS structures are generally conducted by this layer. |
| What is a cistern? | A little reservoir, a well. The deeper than normal gap between the arachnoid and pia mater. |
| The dural falces | Double layer of visceral dura extending into a few fissures of the brain. |
| Blood Drainage from the CNS | Veins of the CNS usually do not flow back the same course the arteries followed inward. They form pial plexuses of veins. |
| Nerve Fiber structure: Dendrite | A neuron process conducting an impulse towards the cell body. |
| Cerebral Spinal Fluid: Surgical shunts | Shunt are used to redirect the CSF from the blocked region to another region. |
| What makes up the PNS? | 12 Cranial Nerve Pairs, 32 Spinal Nerve Pairs, Ganglia |
| Embryology: what arises from the diencephalon? | 1. Thalamus 2. Hypothalamus 3. Pineal Gland 4. 3rd Ventricle |
| Nerve Fiber structure: Hillock | The gradual boundary between the cell body and its process. In the CNS the axon hillock is the sight of most action potentials. |
| True or false: The thick the myelin covering, the slower the nerve impulse will be carried? | False, the thicker the covering, the quick the transmission of the nerve impulse. |
| Physiological neuron classification | Sensory, motor, internucial |
| Pia-glia cuff | The blood vessels to the brain penetrate inward from the pia mater with a slight cuff of pia |
| What are the two division of the efferent nerve fibers of the ANS? | 1. Parasympathetic 2. Sympathetic |
| Inferior Sagittal DVS | Runs along the posterior two thirds of the falx cerebri |
| What opens into the cerebellomedually cistern and from where? | The fourth ventricle opens to the cisterna magna via the median formamen of Magendie. |
| Nerve Fiber structure: Axon | A single neuron process carrying the impulse away from the cell body towards a synaptic or neuromuscular junction |
| Commissures | Midline white matter connectors inside the CNS |
| Pontine Cistern | Anterior aspect of the pons. |
| Does the third ventricle produce CSF? | Yes, from the choroid plexus |
| How does the blood get from the scalp to the dural venous sinus? | Emissary veins |
| What fills the so called lumbar cul-de-sac? | The lumbar cistern |
| Example of an unmyelinated PNS nerve fiber | Post ganglionic sympathetic neuron |
| Neuroblast | Neuroepithelial origins (along the neural tube). Little mitotic activity but undergo growth and maturation. Depend of glial cells to help guide them as the migrate and spread through the CNS. |
| What are neural tube cells? | They give rise to CNS structures. The cells do not divide but they mature. 1. Gliobalsts 2. Astrocyts 3. Oligodendrocytes 4. Ependymal cells 5. Microglia 6. Neuroblasts |
| How much blood is present in the brain? | 75 ml |
| Can myelin be found in both CNS and PNS fibers? | yes |
| Nerve Fiber structure: Neuron process | An extension of the neuron away from its cell body. |
| Diameter of a neuron's parikaryon | 4 - 130 micrometers |
| How does the blood get from the scalp to the bones of the skull? | Diploic veins |
| List the dural venous sinuses | 1. Superior Sagittal 2. Inferior Sagittal 3. Occipital 4. Transverse 5. Superior petrosal 6. Inferior petrosal |
| How is the dura attached to the vertebral canal? | It forms a loose sac in the canal. It is, however, fused to the rim of the foramen magnum. Slips of dura attach into the ligaments of the periosteum of the axis, lower cervical and thoracic vertebrae. |
| True or False: Nerve fibers of the PNS can be myelinated while other are not but they all have a neurilemma. | True |
| Synonym for Dura Mater | Pachymeninx, Hard Mother, Thick Mother |
| Is the dura a vascular tissue? | Mostly collagen but it does have a few capillaries. It has vessels going around its outer surface. |
| Internuncial Neurons: Intra Segmental | Starts in the spinal cord and ends at the same cord level |
| 2 types of astrocytes | 1. Protoplasmic Astrocytes (gray mater) 2. Fibrillar Astrocytes (white mater) |
| Circular Dural Sinus | Look at the picture on page 47 |
| Nerve cell cytology: | See figure 6 on page 17 |
| Cerebral Spinal Fluid: when is it first produced? | 5th or 6th month of fetal developemnt |
| Is there a dural venous sinus in the falx cerbelli? | Yes |
| Cerebral Spinal Fluid: what is it mostly made up of? | Water |
| What percent of oxygen and sugar does the brain consume at rest? | 20% |
| Page 24 to 28 | Read it! There will be a question on the exam! |
| What two structures does the superior petrosal DVS connect? | The cavernous DVS with the ipsilateral transverse DVS |
| Microglia | Abundant in numbers, phagocytic function, mediate immune responses |
| Cerebral Spinal Fluid: functions | 1. Shock absorber 2. Buoyancy for the brain 3. Vitamin C |
| True or False: It is from the arachnoid mater that many meningeomas arise? | True |
| Flow pattern of the occipital DVS | Flows into the left transvers DVS |
| Lateral Foramina of Lushka | A pair of openings that enter the pontine cistern from the fourth ventricle. |
| Cerebral Spinal Fluid: sites of obstruction | 1. Foramina of monroe 2. Foramina of Luchka 3. Foramina of Magendie 4. Cerebral Aquaduct |
| Virchow Robin Space | The space between the blood vessels and the pia. |
| Check out figure 2 and 3 on page 10 | Neural plate, neural groove, neuroectoderm, neural fold, flexures in development |
| How many cells in a neuron? | Trick question: a neuron is a single cell |
| Where are mitochondria most abundant? | In the dendrites and the cell body |
| Where is the most likely port for aneurysms in the circle of Willis? | The Anterior Communicating Artery |
| Vault drainage of the dural venous sinus blood happens into what? | Right or left internal jugular veins at the jugular foramina |
| What is a word often associated with the ANS? | Involuntary |
| Does the Pia dip into all fissures and sulci of the brain and the cord? | No |
| Visceral Dura | Inner more fibrous that is separate only where a falx or dural venous sinus is present. |
| What is the most common type of capillary found in the CNS? | The continuous capillary |
| Name 2 structures formed by the epipial layer | 1. Dendate Ligament 2. Filum terniale interum |
| From where does the third ventricle receive CSF? | From the foramina of Monroe |
| Inferior petrosal DVS | Small, bilateral sinus. Carries blood along the petrooccipital suture from the cavernous sinus to the lower sigmoid extension of the transverse DVS. |
| Does the weight of the brain change as we grow? | Yes. At birth: 10% of body weight (300-400g) In adulthood: 2-2.5% of body weight (1100-1400g) |
| Bipolar Neuron | One cell body and two processes |
| Where can you fin most of the arachnoid villi? | In the superior sagittal dural sinus |
| Is the myelin associated with a Schwann cell? | No! It is an intravasicular oligodendrocyte. |
| Tentorium Hiatus | The brain comes through this opening. It is the opening in the middle of the left and right tentorial wings. |
| Figure 16 on page 35 | Know it. |
| Where is the dura of the falces located? | In the great longitudinal cerebral fissure between the right and left cerebral hemispheres. |
| Periosteal Dura | Outer highly vascular layer which servesas a periosteum to the cranial bones. It is fused to the cranial bones. |
| Parts of the Pia: Inner Pia Intima | It has a fine reticular and elastic fiber which sticks to the CNS tissue within. |
| Occipital DVS | Very small DVS. Runs along the attached margin of the falx cerebelli into the confluens siuum |
| How are the arteries and veins of the cerebrum different? | They have a thinner wall and the internal elastic membrane is reduced or absent. The veins also lack valves. |
| Where are the Periosteal and Visceral Dura located? | In the cranial vault |
| Unipolar Neuron | One cell body and one process |
| Third ventricle | A narrow opening in the substance of the diencephalon |
| Interpeduncular cistern | region between the cerebral peduncles on the anterior aspect of the midbrain. |
| Is the arachnoid mater vascular? | No, it is a non-vascular membrane |
| What is the functional connective tissue of the CNS? | The glioblasts |
| Tentorium Cerebelli | Visceral dura running laterally and foward from its confluence with the falx cerbrelli and falx cerebri. Built like a tent over the cerebellum and under the occipital lobes of the cerebrum. |
| Cerebral Spinal Fluid: factors involved in production | 1. high hydrostatic pressure in blood vessels 2. fenestrated capillary beds 3. active transport in microvilli 4. Sympathetic innervation |
| Embryology: what arises from the Mesencephalon? | Mesencephalon (5th week) |
| Where can you find much of the vascularization for the circle of willis? | Along the epipia of the interpeducular cistern |
| Embryology: what arises from the myelencephalon? | 1. Medualla Oblongata 2. 4th Ventricle |
| Internode | The area where the Schwann cell covers |
| How does alcohol or radiation affect the fetal neuroblast cells? | This may cause them to under or over shoot their target sites. |
| Cerebellomedually cistern (cisterna magna) | Posterior location to the foramen magnum. The largest of all CRANIAL cisterns. |
| Internuncial Neurons: Commissural | Runs between equivalent structures on opposite sides of the CNS |
| Capillaries of the CNS: Gray mater vs White mater | Extremely dense capillary beds are found in the gray mater compared to the white mater |
| What are the two divisions of the dura mater? | 1. Periosteal dura 2. Visceral dura |
| What is one of the most common areas in the brain for a stroke to occur? | The middle cerebral artery and its branches |
| What type of Dura Mater do you find within the vertebral Canal? | More collagenous than its cranial counterpart. |
| What percentage of the body weight is the adult brain? | 2-2.5% |
| Myelin Covering | Composed of a phospholipid-cholesterol and neurokeratin (protein) accumulations. Myelin is made by a surrounding cell (not by the neuron) |
| Perineurium | The coat that wraps arpund groups of fibers. Most elastic of the mesodermal covers and it is continuous with the pia and the arachnoid maters as it approaches CNS structures. |
| What denotes the third ventricle inferiorly? | The cerebral aquaduct of Sylvius |
| Vasocorona Anastomosis | These vessels enter via the IVF at the various levels. They supply more total blood to the cords that do the three longitudinal vessels. |
| Continuous capillary | Lacks holes, does not have fenestrae, the junction between the cells are tight and the basement membranes are thick |
| Cerebral Spinal Fluid: What are the physical caracteristics | Clear and colorless |
| Cerebral Spinal Fluid: By what is it reabsorbed? | The arachnoid villi |
| Another term for Pia Mater | Tender Mother |
| Superior Petrosal DVS | Small, bilateral sinus. Runs along the crest of the petrous parts of the temporal bones at the attached margin of the tentorium cerebelli. |
| Internuncial Neurons: Projections | Begins in one structure and terminates in a different structure of the CNS (ipsilateral vs contralateral) |
| Cerebral Spinal Fluid: is it overturned every day? | Yes, a little is overturned at any given moment. 500ml is produced per day |
| Internuncial Neurons | All the neurons that are entirely within the CNS structures. Messengers or connectors between incoming sensory and outgoing motor neurons. |
| Flow pattern of superior sagittal DVS | Flows into te right transerves DVS after passing through the confluens sinuum |
| What is another term for Arachnoid Villi? | Pcchinonion bodies |
| Internuncial Neurons: Inter Segmental | Neuron that starts at one cord level and terminates at another cord level |
| Which nerve fibers have a more precise response? | Parasympathetic |
| Flow pattern of the straight DVS | Drains into the left transverse DVS. Blood from the vein of Galen and inferior sagittal DVS flows the same route. |
| Dural venous sinuses | 1. Large 2. Lack valves 3. Have a simple endothelial lining |
| Internuncial Neurons : figure on page 16 | Look at it. Happy day! |
| Myelin will be found covering what structures in the CNS? | Axons that are usually greater than 1 micrometer in diameter. |
| CVA | Blood loss to a brain area that results in a prolonged or permanent loss of function. |
| Figure 15 on page 34 | Know it. |
| In the somatic component are there efferent and afferent nerve fibers? | Yes, but the efferent or motor oriented fibers receive the most emphasis |
| Do nerve innervate the dura? | Yes, supertentorium: trigeminal and facial and infratentorium: vagus |
| Are there unmyelinated CNS fiber? | Yes, some are so small the have no myelin |
| Are nodes of Ranvier present in the CNS? | Yes, but you must substitute the oligodendrocyte in the place of Schwann cells. |
| Where is the CSF produced? | In each of the 4 ventricles, CSF is produces in specialized ependymal structures called choroid plexuses. |
| Most cerebral veins penetrate the arachnoid mater and visceral dura to drain into what? | The dural venous sinuses |
| Embryology: What arises from the Prosencephalon? | 1. Telencephalon 2. Diencephalon |
| Peduncles | A stalk or pillar-like formation of CNS white matter. |
| How much blood passes through the brain at any one minute? | 800 ml |
| confluens sinuum | The superior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, and occipital sinus connect at a series of channels that comprise the confluence of sinuses |
| What does the Autonomic (Visceral) Component of the NS innervate? | Glandular epithelium, smooth and cardiac musculature |
| Physical features of the arachnoid mater | Thin and transparent (saran wrap). The inner and out walls are composed of a simple squamous cell lining. |
| Where is the most common anomaly found in the circle of Willis? | The Anterior Communicating Artery |
| From where do we get a spinal tap? | The lumbar cistern |
| BBB | Substances do not easily find access into the CNS structures via the bloodstream thanks to the BBB. |
| White matter | Axons grouped together in the CNS |
| Cerebral Spinal Fluid: Quantity of fluid | 80 to 150 ml |
| Sympathetic Nerve Fibers | Fight or Flight component. The preganglionic neuron is short and the postganglionic neuron is long. |
| Embryology: what arises from the telencephalon? | 1. Cerebral Cortex 2. Basal Ganglia 3. Lateral Ventricle |
| Where is the choroid plexus located? | Along the roof of the anterior horn, through the atrium and along the floor of the body. It continues through the faramen of Monroe, spreading onto the roof the third ventricles. |
| What is a synonym for arachnoid mater? | Leptomeninx |
| Does myelin form on neuron fibers smaller than 1 micron in diameter in the PSN? | No |
| Cerebral Spinal Fluid: site of production | 70 to 80 % in the choroid plexus |
| Right and Left Lateral Ventricles | Largest of the ventricles. Each lateral ventricle is totally separate from the other. Location is entirely within the right or left cerebral hemisphere. |
| Why is the circle of Willis so important? | 1. Lewellen wants us to learn how to draw it for the exam. 2. One third of all the blood to the brain passes through it. |
| What is the classification of ependymal cells? | Simple cuboidal |
| Diaphrama sellae | Visceral dura that roofs over the sella trurica (pituitary fossa) |
| Spinal Cord Blood Supply: Major contributing vessels | 1. Anteromedial longitudinal artery trunk (anterior spinal artery) 2. Posterolateral longitudinal artery trunks (posterior spinal) |
| Fourth Ventricle | An irregular shaped expansion between the cerebellum and the pons and the medualla oblongata |
| Embryology: what arises from the metencephalon? | 1. Cerebellum 2. Pons 3. 4th Ventricle |
| Flow pattern of the inferior sagittal DVS | Empties blood into the straight DVS (along with the vein of Galen) |
| Falx Cerebelli | Where the visceral dura dips between the cerebellar hemispheres in the posterior cerebellar notch. |
| The five basic parts or the right and left lateral ventricles: | 1. Anterior horn 2. Ventricle body 3. Collateral trigone (atrium) 4. Inferior horn 5. posterior horm |
| The function of the arachnoid villi | Allows used CSF to enter the bloodstream and be removed from the cranial vault. |
| How long can a process be? | a few microns to 40 inches |
| Nodes of Ranvier | Where one Schwann covering cell meets another there is a very tiny exposed area called a node of Ranvier |
| What shape does a perikarya take? | 1. Steeple 2. Star like 3. Oval 4. Fusiform |
| Sensory Neurons | Neurons which carry impulses from the periphery to the cord or brain. 1: Visceral 2. Somatic |
| What is the chemical released by the somatic axon endings of the somatic component of the NS? | Acetylcholine |
| Glioblast cells | Still fairly undifferentiated cells...they like to divide! divide! divide! They give rise to the astrocytes and the oligodendrocytes. |
| Brain and brainstem blood supply : the circle of Willis | 1. Get out a blank piece of paper 2. Draw the circle of Willis 3. Label it. |
| What makes up the CNS? | 1. Brain = Encephalon 2. Spinal Cord |
| Through what structure does all the blood supply to the medualla oblongata and the pons go through? | The Circle of Willis |
| List the 5 openings into or out of the fourth ventricle | |
| ENdomeurium | Delicate, highly vascular, fibrous cellular matrix is around each neurilemma. It continues even out along the finest telodendric branches. |
| Dura in the vertebral Canal : figure 12 | Page 30... look at it. |
| Neurilemma | The name given to surrounding Schwann cell coverings. Every PSN structure has this covering... does not mean that it is myelinated. |
| Pia Mater | The inner most meninx (leptomeninx). Vascular are transparent membrane |
| Blood flow of the superior petrosal DVS | Middle ear veins penetrate into the vault and drain into the superior petrosal sinuses. |
| Do larger people consume more or less oxygen and glucose at rest than smaller people? | Less |
| Anatomical neuron classification | Unipolar, bipolar, multipolar |
| Neuron classification | 1. Anatomical 2. Physilogical |
| Embryology: what arises from the mesencephalon (5th week) | 1. Corpora Quadrigemina 2. Cerebral Peduncle 3. Aqueduct of Sylvius |
| How do the right and left lateral ventricle communicate with the third ventricle? | Via the Foramina of Monro (interventricle foramina) |
| Motor Neurons | Neurons which carries impulses away from the center toward the major peripheral target sites. 1: Visceral 2. Somatic |
| Transverse DVS | Largest DVS and bilateral. They run along the occipital bone margins of the tentorium cerebelli. |
| Are there more glioblast derivatives or neurons in the brain? | Glioblast derivative... 10 times more |
| Straight (Rectus) DVS | At the junction of the falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli and the falx cerebelli. Runs in a posterior inferior direction to the confluens sinuum |
| Why is the dura mater of the vertebral canal attached in such a manner? | It is structured this way to be able to move freely but still needs to be anchored (meningovertebral ligaments) |
| Nerve Fiber structure: Nerve Fiber | A predominately long process, if present, of a neuron |
| Embryology: what arises from the Rhombencephalon? | 1. Metencephalon 2. Mylencephalon |
| Superior Sagittal Dural Venous Sinus | Runs along attached border of the falx cerebri from the cecum to the confluens sinuum |
| How much blood is perfused through the brain per minute? | 800ml |
| What are the important blood vessels that are found on the floor of the superior cistern? | 1. Great Vein of Gallen 2. Posterior and superior cerebral artery |
| Oligodendrocytes: 2 types | 1. Perineuronal Satelites (gray mater) 2. interfascicular (white mater) |
| Arachnoid Trabeculae | Aid in maintaining the shape and add some support in combination with the cerebrospinal fluid. |
| Embryology: what arises from the 3 primary vesicles? | 1. Prosencephalon (forebrain) 2. Mesencephalon (midbrain) 3. Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) |
| Ependymal cells | They line the central canal and ventricles of the CNS. They serve as the leaky barrier between the CSF and CNS parenchyma. |
| Superior Cistern | Deep within the transverse cerebral fissure. |
| Arachnoid Villi | Tuffed prolongations of arachnoid mater that herniate into the dura mater and associate with the lining of the dural venous blood sinuses |
| Cerebral Spinal Fluid: symptoms of obstruction | Hydrocephalus (cranial enlargement), Nausea, Explosive vomiting, Headache, Blurred or altered vision |
| Where are most of our ''throbbing'' headaches located? | The dura, particularly on the cranial floor |
| Function of myelin | Alters nerve impulse conduction speeds without taking up much space. |
| What is a glioma? | General term used to classify solid tumors derived from glioblasts, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. |
| What is an astrocytoma? | Most common tumor of the brain tissue |
| Subarachnoid space | The space between the dura and the arachnoid mater |
| Parasympathetic Nerve Fibers | The first preganglionic neuron is long and the postganglionic is short. Located both in CNS and PNS. Release of ACH. |
| Primary Function of Oligodendrocytes | Inerfascicular: form myelin sheaths around the CNS neurons 2. Perineural Satelites: unclear... may serve as a type of nutrient role |
| Blood supply to supperior saggital DVS | Scalp, bones and cerebrum |
| Nerve Fiber structure: Neuron | The anatomical and functional unit of the nervous system |
| Embryology: 4th week of development: What arises from the spinal cord? | 3 primary brain vesicles |
| Lumbar cistern | It extends around the tapering end of the spinal cord all the way down to the upper sacral canal. |
| What are the somatic components of the nervous system? | the part of the NS that innervates skeletal muscles, includes CNS and PNS |
| What are the typical organelles and structures present in the neuron? | Cell membrane, nucleus, nucleolus (RNA), Mitochondria (they are long and skinny, unlike myo cells), golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes, centrosome, Barr body |
| Are cilia present? | No.. we start loosing our cilia at the time of birth |
| Is the dura mater part of the nervous system? | No, but it is an important accessory structure. |
| Function of the dural venous sinus | Serves as support tissue |
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