Psych Unit 7 Word Scramble
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| Term | Definition |
| Memory | The persistence of learning over time though the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. |
| Encoding | The processing of information into the memory system -- for example by extracting meaning. |
| Storage | The process of retaining encoded information over time. |
| Retrieval | The process of getting information out of memory storage. |
| Parallel Processing | The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions. |
| Sensory Memory | The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. |
| Short-Term Memory | Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, before the information is stored or forgotten. |
| Long-Term Memory | The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. |
| Working Memory | A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory. |
| Explicit Memory | Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously known and "declare" (also known as declarative memory) |
| Effortful Processing | Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. |
| Automatic Processing | Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings. |
| Implicit Memory | Retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called non-declarative memory) |
| Iconic Memory | A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second. |
| Echoic Memory | A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli, if attention is elsewhere; sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds. |
| Chunking | Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically. |
| Mnemonics | Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. |
| Spacing Effect | The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice. |
| Testing Effect | Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading info. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning. |
| Shallow Processing | Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words. |
| Deep Processing | Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention. |
| Hippocampus | A neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage. |
| Flashbulb Memory | A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. |
| Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) | An increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. |
| Recall | A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test. |
| Recognition | A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test. |
| Relearning | A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again. |
| Priming | The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory. |
| Mood-Congruent Memory | The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood. |
| Serial Position Effect | Our tendency to recall best the last (a recency effect) and first items (a primary effect) in a list. |
| Anterograde Amnesia | An inability to form new memories. |
| Retrograde Amnesia | An inability to retrieve information from one's past. |
| Proactive Interference | The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. (foward-acting) |
| Retroactive Interference | The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information. |
| Repression | In psychoanalytic theory the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories. |
| Misinformation Effect | Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event. |
| Source Amnesia | Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, hear about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source miss-attribution) |
| Deja Vu | That eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger a retrieval of an earlier experience. |
| Cognition | All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. |
| Concepts | A mental grouping of simliar objects, events, ideas, or people. |
| Prototypes | A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into catogories. |
| Creativity | The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas. |
| Covergent Thinking | Narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution. |
| Divergent Thinking | Expands the number of possible problem solutions. (Creative thinking that diverges in different directions) |
| Algorithm | A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier -- but also more error-prone -- use of heuristics. |
| Heuristic | A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. |
| Insight | A sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions. |
| Confirmation Bias | A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence. |
| Mental Set | A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. (Example of fixation) |
| Intuition | An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning. |
| Representative Heuristic | Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information. |
| Availability Heuristic | Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their wild vividness), we presume such events are common. |
| Overconfidence | The tendency to be more confident that correct -- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements. |
| Belief Perseverance | Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. |
| Framing | The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements. |
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