Bio205 Exam2 Word Scramble

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Question	Answer
Psychrophiles	A cold loving microbe. Microbe that grows best at about 15C and does not grow about 20C
Mesophiles	A moderate temperature loving microbe. Microbe that grows between about 10C and 50C
Thermophiles	A heat loving microbe. optimum growth temperature is between 50C and 60C
Minimum growth temperature	The lowest temperature at which a species will grow
Optimum growth temperature	The temperature at which a species will grow best
Maximum growth temperature	The temperature at which a species can grow
Hyperthermophiles	Microbe whose optimum growth temp.is at least 80C. Extreme thermophile
Acidophiles	A bacterium that grows below pH 4
Plasmolysis	Loss of water from a cell in a hypertonic environment
Extremeophiles	Microbe that lives in extremes of temperature, acidity, alkalinity, salinity, or pressure
Obligate halophiles	Organism that requires high osmotic pressures such as high concentrations of NaCl
Faculative halophiles	An organism capable of growth in, but not requiring 1-2% salt
Halophiles	An organism that requires a high salt concentration for growth
Nitrogen fixation	The conversion of nitrogen into ammonia
Trace elements	A chemical element required in small amounts for growth
Obligate aerobes	An organism that requires molecular oxygen to live
Faculative anaerobes	An organism that can live with or without molecular oxygen
Singlet Oxygen	Highly reactive molecular oxygen
Superoxide radicals	A toxic anion (O2-) with an unpaired electron
Superoxide dismutase	An enzyme that destroys superoxide
Peroxide Anion	An oxygen anion consisting of two atoms of oxygen
Catalase	An enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide
Peroxidase	An enzyme that destroys hydrogen peroxide
Ozone	O3
Hydroxyl radical	A toxic form of oxygen made in cytoplasm by ionizing radiation and aerobic respiration
Aerotolerant anaerobes	Organism that does not use molecular oxygen but is not affected by it’s presence
Microaerophiles	Organism that grows best in environments with less oxygen than is normally found in air
Organic growth factors	An essential organic growth compound that an organism is unable to synthesize
Biofilms	A microbial community that usually forms as a slimy layer on a surface
Culture Medium	The nutrient material prepared for growth of microorganism in a laboratory
Culture	Microorganisms that grow and multiply in a container of culture medium
Inoculum	A culture medium in which microorganisms are implanted
Binary fission	Prokayrotic cell reproduction by division into two daughter cells
Budding	Asexual;starts as a protrudence from the parent cell that grows to become a daughter cell
Bacterial growth curve	A graph indicating the growth of a bacterial population over time
Agar	A complex polysaccaride derived from a marine alga and used as a solidifying agent in media
Chemically defined medium	A culture medium in which the exact chemical composition is known
Complex media	A culture medium in which the exact chemical composition is not known
Capnophiles	A microorganism that grows best a relatively high CO2 concentrations
Colony	A visible mass of microbial cells arising from one cell or from a group of the same microbes
Differential media	A solid medium that makes it easier to distinguish colonies of the desired organism
Deep-freezing	Preservation of bacterial cultures at –50C to –90C
Death phase	The period of logarthmic decrease in a bacterial population
Enrichment culture	A culture medium used for preliminary isolation that favors the growth of a particular microorganism
Filtration	The passage of a liquid or gas through a screenlike material; a 0.45-μm filter removes most bacteria.
Generation time	The time required for a cell or population to double in number.
Lypholization	Freezing a substance and sublimating the ice in a vacuum; also called freeze-drying.
Lag phase	The time interval in a bacterial growth curve during which there is no growth.
Log phase/ Exponential Growth	The period of bacterial growth or logarithmic increase in cell numbers; also called exponential growth phase.
Nutrient broth	A complex medium made of beef extract and peptone.
Nutrient agar	Nutrient broth containing agar.
Plate count	A method of determining the number of bacteria in a sample by counting the number of colony-forming units on a solid culture medium.
Pour plate method	A method of inoculating a solid nutrient medium by mixing bacteria in the melted medium and pouring the medium into a Petri dish to solidify.
Reducing media	A culture medium containing ingredients that will remove dissolved oxygen from the medium to allow the growth of anaerobes.
Sterile	Free of microorganisms
Selective media	A culture medium designed to suppress the growth of unwanted microorganisms and encourage the growth of desired ones.
Streak plate method	A method of isolating a culture by spreading microorganisms over the surface of a solid culture medium.
Stationary phase	The period in a bacterial growth curve when the number of cells dividing equals the number dying.
Serial dilution	The process of diluting a sample several times.
Spread plate method	A plate count method in which inoculum is spread over the surface of a solid culture medium.
Antisepsis	A chemical method for disinfection of the skin or mucous membranes; the chemical is called an antiseptic.
Asepsis	The absence of contamination by unwanted organisms.
Autoclave	Equipment for sterilization by steam under pressure, usually operated at 15 psi and 121°C.
Biocide	A substance capable of killing microorganisms.
Bacteriostasis	A treatment capable of inhibiting bacterial growth.
Commercial steralization	A process of treating canned goods aimed at destroying the endospores of Clostridium botulinum.
Direct microscopic count	Enumeration of cells by observation through a microscope.
Disinfection	Any treatment used on inanimate objects to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms; a chemical used is called a disinfectant.
Degerming	The removal of microorganisms in an area; also called degermation.
Decimal reduction time	The time (in minutes) required to kill 90% of a bacterial population at a given temperature; also called D value.
Desiccation	The removal of water
Equivalent treatments	Different methods that have the same effect on controlling microbial growth.
Flaming	The process of sterilizing an inoculating loop by holding it in an open flame.
High temperature short time pasturization	Pasteurizing at 72°C for 15 seconds.
HEPA filters	A screenlike material that removes particles larger than 0.3 μm from air.
Hot-air steralization	Sterilization by the use of an oven at 170°C for approximately 2 hours.
Ionizing radiation	High-energy radiation with a wavelength less than 1nm; causes ionization. X rays and gamma rays are examples.
Most probable number method	A statistical determination of the number of coliforms per 100 ml of water or 100 g of food.
Membrane filters	A screenlike material with pores small enough to retain microorganisms; a 0.45-μm filter retains most bacteria.
Pasturization	The process of mild heating to kill particular spoilage microorganisms or pathogens.
Sterilization	The removal of all microorganisms, including endospores.
Sanitation	The removal of microbes from eating utensils and food preparation areas.
Sepsis	The presence of a toxin or pathogenic organism in blood and tissue.
Turbidity	The cloudiness of a suspension.
Thermal death point	The temperature required to kill all the bacteria in a liquid culture in 10 minutes.
Thermal death time	The length of time required to kill all bacteria in a liquid culture at a given temperature.
Thermoduric	Heat resistant
Ultra-high temperature	A method of treating food with high temperatures (140–150°C) for very short times to make the food sterile so that it can be stored at room temperature.
Alcohol	An organic molecule with the functional group—OH.
Antimicrobial peptide	An antibiotic that is bactericidal and has a broad spectrum of activity; see bacteriocin.
Antibiotic	An antimicrobial agent, usually produced naturally by a bacterium or fungus.
Broadspectrum antibiotic	An antibiotic that is effective against a wide range of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
Bacteriacide	A substance capable of killing bacteria.
Chemotherapy	Treatment of disease with chemical substances.
Disk-diffusion method	An agar-diffusion test to determine microbial susceptibility to chemotherapeutic agents; also called Kirby-Bauer test.
Halogens	One of the following elements: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, or astatine.
Microwaves	Electromagnetic radiation with wavelength between 10^-1 and 10^-3 m.
Nonionizing radiation	Short-wavelength radiation that does not cause ionization; ultraviolet (UV) radiation is an example.
Nitrosamine	A carcinogen formed by the combination of nitrite and amino acids.
Obligodynamic activity	The ability of small amounts of a heavy metal compound to exert antimicrobial activity.
Phenol	Also called carbolic acid.
Phenolic	A synthetic derivative of phenol used as a disinfectant.
Plasma	(1) The liquid portion of blood in which the formed elements are suspended. (2) Excited gases used for sterilizing.
Peroxidase	An enzyme that destroys hydrogen peroxide: H_2O_2 + 2 H^+ → 2 H_2O
Peroxygen	A class of oxidizing-type sterilizing disinfectants.
Penicillans	A group of antibiotics produced either by Penicillium (natural penicillins) or by adding side chains to the β-lactam ring (semisynthetic penicillins).
quartemary ammonium compond (quat)	A cationic detergent with four organic groups attached to a central nitrogen atom; used as a disinfectant.
Surface active agent	Any compound that decreases the tension between molecules lying on the surface of a liquid; also called surfactant.
Selective toxicity	The property of some antimicrobial agents to be toxic for a microorganism and nontoxic for the host.
Superinfection	The growth of a pathogen that has developed resistance to an antimicrobial drug being used; the growth of an opportunistic pathogen.
Tincture	A solution in aqueous alcohol.
Use-dilution test	A method of determining the effectiveness of a disinfectant using serial dilutions.
Aminoglycosides	An antibiotic consisting of amino sugars and an aminocyclitol ring; for example, streptomycin.
Allylamines	Antifungal agents that interfere with sterol synthesis.
Azole	Antifungal agents that interfere with sterol synthesis.
Antibiogram	Report of antibiotic susceptibility of a bacterium.
Antisence (strand)	Viral RNA that cannot act as mRNA.
Broth dilution test	A method of determining the minimal inhibitory concentration by using serial dilutions of an antimicrobial drug.
Carbapenems	Antibiotics that contain a β-lactam antibiotic and cilastatin.
Ethambutol	A synthetic antimicrobial agent that interferes with the synthesis of RNA.
E test	An agar diffusion test to determine antibiotic sensitivity using a plastic strip impregnated with varying concentrations of an antibiotic.
Integrase	An enzyme produced by HIV that allows the integration of HIV DNA into the host cell's DNA.
Macrolide	An antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis; for example, erythromycin.
Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)	The lowest concentration of a chemotherapeutic agent that will prevent growth of the test microorganisms.
Minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC)	The lowest concentration of chemotherapeutic agent that will kill test microorganisms.
Ketolide	Semi-synthetic macrolide antibodies, effective against macrolide resistant bacteria
Protease	An enzyme that digests proteins
RNAi (interference	Stops gene expression at transcription by using a short interfereing RNA to make double stranded RNA
Synergism	The principal whereby the effectiveness of two drugs used simultaniously is more effective than either drug used alone
siRNA (small interfering)	An intermediate in the iRNA process in which the long double stranded RNA has been cut up into short (21 nucleotides) double-stranded RNA
Vancomycin	An antibiotic that inhibits cell wall synthesis
Zone of inhibition	The area of no bacterial growth around an antibacterial agent in the disk-diffusion method
Colony forming units (CFU)	Visible bacterial colonies on solid media (plate count report)
Sterilant	What a steralizing agent is called
Biphenols	A derivitive of phenol that contain two phenolic groups connected by a bridge (bi)
Iodophor	A complex of iodione and a detergent
Aldehydes	One of the most effective microbials. Fermaldehyde is an example
PABA	substrate of an enzyme reaction leading to the production of folic acid
Natural penicillins	Penicillin extracted from the mold cultures of Penicillium
Monobactam	An antibiotic that has only a single ring in the structure
Cephalosporins	Similar antibiotic to penicillin
Bacitracin	Polypeptide antibiotic effective mainly against gram-positive bacteria like streptococci and staphococci
Isoniazid	A very effective synthetic antimicrobial drug against tuburculosis
Tetracyclines	Closely related broad-spectrum antibiotics
Sulfonamides	Amoung the first antimicrobial drugs used to treat microbial diseases
Imiquimod	A drug used to treat genital warts
Antiretroviral	A drug used to treat HIV infections
Botulism	A form of food posioning caused by clostridium botulinum an obligately anaerobic, endospore forming, gram positive rod, found in soil and aquatic sediments.
Infant botulism	Most cases are associated with honey
Wound botulism	Botulum pathogen that grows in wounds
Mycobacterium leprae/ Hansen's disease	The only bacterium that grows in the PNS. Acid fast rod closely related to tuburculosis
Ischemia	Localized decreased blood flow
Necrosis	Tissue death
Gangrene	The death of soft tissue resulting from the loss of blood supply
Hyperbaric chamber	An apperatus to hold materials at greater than 1 atmosphere
Tetanus	Obligately anaerobic endospore forming gram positive rod. Common in areas where there is animal feces. Extremely potent neurotoxin is released upon the death and lysis of the bacteria.

Created by: rewasson

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