In each blank, try to type in the
word that is missing. If you've
typed in the correct word, the
blank will turn green.
If your not sure what answer should be entered, press the space bar and the next missing letter will be displayed. When you are all done, you should look back over all your answers and review the ones in red. These ones in red are the ones which you needed help on. Question: What is the neural pathway for comprehension? Answer: 1. Ear
2. Vestibularcochlear nerve (CN VIII)
3. Cochlear nucleus
4. Inferior Colliculus (Mesencephalon)
5. Medial Geniculate (Diencephalon)
6. Primary Auditory Cortext (41 & 42)
7. Auditory Association (22)
8. Wernicke's area (posterior 22) Question: What is the neural pathway for READING comprehension?Answer: 1. Eye
2. Optic nerve
3. Optic Chiasm
4. Optic tract
5. Lateral Geniculate (diencephalon)
6. Optic Radiations
7. Primary Visual Cortex (17)
8. Visual Association Cortex (18 & 19)
9. 's Area (posterior 22) Question: What is the neural Pathway for EXPRESSIVE ?Answer: 1. Wernicke's area
2. Arcuate Fasciculus
3. Broca's area (along with opercular portion of inferior frontal gyrus and anterior insular cortex)
4. Linguistic sequence is sent to pre-motor Question: What is the beginning neural pathway for speech?Answer: 1. Premotor cortex
2. Anterior portion of cortex
3. Basal Ganglia & Circuitry (IAS)
4. Thalamus
5. Primary, premotor, and primary sensory cortex's (DAS)
6. Cortico-bulbar/spinal tracts (DAS)
7. Synapse w/ LMN
8. Coordinated muscle Question: What is the neural pathway for speech?Answer: 9. Aerodynamics are produced and modulated
10. Aerodynamic energy creates acoustic signals
11. Acoustic signals are monitored by Wernicke's
12. Motor output produces afferent feedback, which is monitored and by the sensory-motor system Question: What is the neural pathway for writing?Answer: 9. Visual signals are monitored by cortex and Wernicke's area
10. Motor output produces afferent feedback, which is monitored and refined by the sensory-motor system Question: What is the of Wernicke's area?Answer: 1. Sorts through semantic to finding meaning of words
2. Syntactic rule system is applied to determine relationship/meaning
3. Literal interpretation determined
4. Figurative meaning determined (via RH)
5. Instructions sent to respond Question: What is ?Answer: An impairment of language, affecting the production/comprehension of and the ability to read/write. It is always due to injury to the brain (stroke most common), particularly in older individuals. May also arise from TBI, tumors, or infections. Question: What area's will you seen between of the Aphasia's?Answer: 1. Expressive
2. Receptive
3. Reading
4. Question: What is Broca's ?Answer: NON-FLUENT
Anomia, short phrase length (0-5), relatively good comprehension, relatively poor repetition Question: What is Wernicke's ?Answer: FLUENT
Anomia, poor auditory comprehension, poor repetition, say a lot but is empty Question: What is Aphasia?Answer: FLUENT
Anomia, output with normal average phrase length, although flow of speech may be interrupted by word finding pauses or attempts to self-correct errors Question: What is Aphasia?Answer: FLUENT
Word-finding across tasks requiring retrieval of specific words Question: What is Motor Aphasia?Answer: NON-FLUENT
Impaired initiation of verbal output, anomia, short phrase length (0-5), good auditory comprehension, and Broca's good repetition relative to speech output Question: What is Transcortical Aphasia?Answer: FLUENT
Significant anomia and poor auditory comprehension but relatively good repetition skills (unlike Wernicke's). output is marked by severe anomia that may disrupt flow Question: What is Aphasia?Answer: NON-FLUENT
Profound anomia and virtually no speech output under any conditions and very poor comprehension Question: What is Mixed Nonfluent ?Answer: NON-FLUENT
Lies somewhere between Global and Broca's with severe anomia, relatively poor auditory comprehension, poor , with performances in these modalities being neither as poor as Global or good as Broca's Question: What is Aphasia?Answer: SUBCORTICAL
Anomia, variable phrase length, variable auditory compression, relatively good repetition, verbal output may be somewhat hypophonic, paraphasic, and Question: What is Capsular/Putaminal Aphasia?Answer: SUBCORTICAL
Anomia, variable length (6-8), relatively good auditory comprehension and repetition skills. Verbal productions include hypophonia, imprecise articulation (dysarthria), phonemic and semantic paraphasias, and grammatical constructions Question: What is Posterior Capsular/Putaminal ?Answer: SUBCORTICAL
Anomia, variable phrase length, poor auditory comprehnsion and repetition skills. Verbal production includes hypophonia, well-articulated, speech with semantic, phonemic, and neologistic paraphasias. Question: What is ?Answer: A condition of imparmented memory, intellect, personality, and insight resulting from injury or disease. May be progressive (e.g., Alzheimer's etc.) Language impairments fairly prominent in dementia, but overshadowed by intellectual loss. Question: How is the prognosis of different than that of aphasia?Answer: Dementia is often a progressive disorder, resulting in:
1. impairment of memory, intellect, and cognition
2. Alterations in behavior/personality
3. Physical impairments (movement/sensory) Question: What are the Psychiatric Association's defined symptoms of Dementia?Answer: 1. Impaired short-term memory
2. Impaired long-term memory
3. in at least one of the following:
Abstract thinking, personality, judgement, constructional abilities (interpreting), language, praxis (skill, habitual practice), visual recognition Question: What are the American Psychiatric Association's conditions of Dementia?Answer: 1. Insidious onset
2. Not delirium, schizophrenia, major depression
3. Acquired
4. Persistent condition (progressive)
5. several mental functions
6. Mental impairments must be severe enough to interfere w/ work, social, and relationships Question: What are the signs of dementia?Answer: 1. Memory failure
2. Disorientation
3. Lapse in judgement
4. Difficulty performing activities
5. Difficulty performing mentally challenging activities
6. Misplace items
7. Apathy, loss of initiative
8. in mood Question: What are the most common medical diagnosis for ?Answer: 1. Alzheimer's disease (most common)
2. Multi-infarct dementia: (2nd most common)
Common theme across : progressive disease process, onset later in life Question: What are the 3 of dementia?Answer: 1. Cortical (Alzheimer, Pick's)
2. Sub-cortical (PD, 's)
3. Mixed (Multiple infarct) Question: What are the of Cortical dementia?Answer: 1. Pathological changes to the cortex
2. Changes to memory, intellect, and appear early
3. Motor changes appear later Question: What are the hallmarks of Sub-cortical ?Answer: 1. Pathological changes to the basal ganglia, thalamus, and brain stem
2. changes appear early
3. Changes to intellect and language appear later Question: What are the of Mixed dementia?Answer: 1.Pathological changes to cortical and sub-cortical structures
2. Changes noted depend on site of Question: What is Right Hemisphere ?Answer: Damage on right side of brain, which controls cognitive functioning (thinking skills). Damage leads to cognitive-communication such as impaired memory, attention, and reasoning. Individual may not be aware of such problems (anosognosia). Question: What are some cognitive-communication problems that can from right hemisphere damage?Answer: 1. . Left-side neglect
3. Memory
4. Organization
5. Orientation
6. Problem solving
7. Reasoning
8. Social communication (pragmatics) Question: Do right hemisphere patients have the same kind of language seen in Aphasia?Answer: No, however some do have specific linguistic . Thus RHD patients should be given an aphasia battery like the Boston. Question: What is Traumatic Injury (TBI)?Answer: Cognitive and communication that significantly impair the ability to live independently due to brain injury. TBI patients may have anomia. Deficits will mostly be cognitive, but aphasia may result from a TBI causing language deficits too. Question: What cognitive are common in TBI patients?Answer: 1. Awareness of ones surroundings
2. Attention to tasks
3. Memory
4. Reasoning
5. Problems solving
6. Executive function (planning, , self monitoring/awareness,etc.)
Question: Problems vary depending on location/severity of the TBI. What are some that may be affected?Answer: 1. Trouble concentrating with . Slow processing of information
3. Problems with recent memory
4. Executive functioning problems (e.g., starting tasks, setting goals, organization, etc.) Question: What areas of cognition might an individual experience with aging?Answer: 1. Visual and verbal/non-verbal memory
2. Visuospatial abilities
3. Immediate . Ability to name objects Question: What abilities remain unchanged during the process?Answer: 1. Vocabulary
2. reasoning Question: What is ?Answer: Readiness to respond to Question: What is alertness?Answer: Alertness lasting over longer time intervals (minutes to ) Question: What is Phasic ?Answer: Alertness that is momentary, rapidly occurring changes in receptivity to Question: What is attention?Answer: Basic responsiveness to (similar to phasic alertness) Question: What is attention?Answer: Attention maintained over Question: What is Selective ?Answer: Attention maintained in the of competing stimuli Question: What is alternating ?Answer: Attention shifted from one stimulus to another (changing ) Question: What is attention?Answer: Attending to more than one concurrenty. Question: Why is important to communication?Answer: Attention is important to communication because it assures topic maintenance, responses, and social acceptance. Question: What is the sensory (memory)?Answer: Incoming info is retained in modality-specific form (auditory, visual or tactile) - registration. It the means by which perceptions are introduced in to the memory system, not under voluntary control. perceptual, attentional, encoding processes. Question: What is memory?Answer: Short term memory, has limited capacity and info in immediate decays within a few seconds unless it is rehearsed (retention span). Question: What is long-term ?Answer: This is secondary , extremely large capacity and decays slowly (recurrent vs. remote) Question: What is memory?Answer: This resembles immediate memory but is considered a mental space where temporary outcomes of cognitive are stored during complex cognitive processing. Question: What is retrospective ?Answer: This denotes and recall of info about past experiences/events Question: Retrospective memory: What is the difference between declarative and procedural ?Answer: Declarative: What we know about things (how to do something). 2 types: episodic and semantic
Procedural: collection of habits that can be automatically (knowing how to perform a task) Question: Retrospective - - What is episodic and semantic memory?Answer: Episodic: personal experience
Semantic: organized knowledge of the Question: What is memory?Answer: Permits intentions in the past to govern present behavior A(remembering to remember) Question: How does memory impact a persons ability to ?Answer: By affecting topic maintenance, correct responses to , and social acceptance. Daily interactions can be difficult and hinder communication exchange. Question: What does the area of include?Answer: 1. Attention
2. . Executive function Question: what does function" include?Answer: 1. Initiating intentional behavior
2. Planning behavioral routines to accomplish . Maintaining and regulating goal-directed behavior
4. Monitoring and modifying behavior in response to situational variables Question: Assessing : Tonic alertness?Answer: Estimate tonic alertness in interviews, reports, other Question: Assessing cognition: alertness?Answer: -time testing Question: Assessing cognition: ?Answer: Assessed with strings of computer-presented auditory or stimuli presented over long and purposefully monotonous intervals Question: Assessing : Selective attention??Answer: 1. Paper and pen cancellation . Stroop test (reading of colors/names)
3. Choice reaction-time tests: (respond every time they hear the letter "a") Question: Assessing : Alternating attention?Answer: Assess how they transition attention (can be asses during sustained attention ) Question: Assessing cognition: attention?Answer: 1. Retain info while performing other tasks/digits backwards
2. Dual task : two tasks at once Question: Assessing cognition: Attention in ADL (activities of life): Answer: The test of everyday attention (TEA). May be because it assesses their performance on everyday tasks instead of just on standardized measures (Research not conclusive) Question: Assessing cognition: Retrospective Answer: Retention span:
1. Immediate retention-digit span test(verbal) /block tapping test (nonverbal)
2. Short-term retention-delay/interruption after presentation Question: Retrospective memory : short-term memory retention-delay/interruption after presentation types?Answer: 1. Supspan: repeating until the patient can produce without error
2. supraspan: as many as you can remember over and over until learned |
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