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If your not sure what answer should be entered, press the space bar and the next missing letter will be displayed. When you are all done, you should look back over all your answers and review the ones in red. These ones in red are the ones which you needed help on. Term: Definition: membrane that forms the of the abdominal cavity. produces somatic/ parietal pain - sharp and easily localized Term: Somatic/ PainDefinition: / Easily localized pain Term: Visceral Definition: Dul, poorly Term: Definition: a solid swelling of clotted within the tissues Term: Amputated Definition: should be protected and transported in dry cool setting. Putting directly on cold pack could freeze the Term: Beta- Definition: Prevent heart from speeding up, or beating harder, - used for the management of cardiac arrhythmias, protecting the heart from a second heart attack MI after a first attack, used to be used for high blood pressure Term: Definition: Term: Definition: – Inflammacion of the appendix
• Life threatening infection and septic shock
• S+S
o Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of , fever
o Pain begin as diffuse Pain starts periumbilical and the moves to RLQ Term: Upper Airway Definition: Stridor Term: Adventitious SoundsDefinition: are abnormal sounds that are heard over a patient's lungs and airways. These sounds include abnormal sounds such as fine and coarse crackles (crackles are also rales), wheezes (sometimes called rhonchi), pleural rubs and stridor. Term: Lower IssueDefinition: Rales, and wheezes Term: Definition: Sitting - The upper half of the patient's body is between 60 degrees and 90 degrees in relation to the lower half of body. Term: Semi Definition: position of a patient who is lying in bed in a supine position with the head of the bed at approximately 30 to 45 degrees. at 90 degrees is full or high Fowler's position. Term: Definition: face Term: ProneDefinition: flat face downward Term: Left Lateral Definition: Term: Definition: Back Flat - Feet Term: EpistaxisDefinition: Bleeding from the Term: Definition: drug overdose, nerve gas pathological effects indicative of massive discharge of the parasympathetic nervous system - Salivation, Lacrimation(tearing), Urination, Defecation Gastrointestinal , Emesis (Vomiting) Miosis pupillary constriction Term: CO2 Definition: Leading cause of death due to fires, home heating devices and vehicle exhaust -Inhibits bodys ability to transport and use O2 - greater risk in confined space – tasteless, colorless, odorless non irritating
Headache, , vertigo weakness Term: DCAP - Definition: rapid trauma assessment - soft tissue injuries - Deformities & Discolorations
Crepitus & Contusions
Abrasion & Avulsion
Penetrations & & Symmetry
Term: shock Definition: pump problem – backup of fluid, pulmonary edema and hypotension – caused by reduced preload, high afterload or poor myocardial contracality S+S hypotension, cardiac hx, chest pain, respiratory distress, pulmonary , altered LOC Term: Obstructive Definition: – pump problem caused by mechanical obstruction of the heart muscle - cardiac tamponade and pneumothorax Term: cardiac Definition: fluid accumulates within the pericardial sac and compresses the heart S+S (JVD, pulse pressure, hypotension) Term: pneumothorax Definition: air chest cavity due to lung injury - pressure compresses lungs and great vessels – S+S include JVD, resp. distress, diminished absent lung sounds, poor BVM compliance, tracheal deviation toward unaffected side Term: Distributive Definition: – pipe (blood vessel) problem – widespread vasodilation - causes blood pooling or relative hypovolemia – Analphylactic shock, neurogenic, , psychogenic Term: Anaphylactic Definition: allergic reaction – vasodilation, widespread (fluid leakage), bronchoconstriction – causes meds, foods bites stings enviro skin:hives, swelling, itching flushed or cyanotic, cardio:weak pulse, low bp resp:severe dyspnea, wheezing, failure Term: Neurogenic Definition: – spinal cord damage, typically in cervical region – interrupts normal communication pathways between nervous systems – S+S – MOI:c-spine, , warm, normal skin, HR NOT tachycardic, Paralysis +resp paralysis Term: ShockDefinition: infection- damages blood vessels and increases plasma loss out of vascular space - fever, chills, weakness, recent illness infection or surgery, altered LOC, increased RR, tachycardia, low bp, pale cool skin, weak pulses, no appetite Term: Psychogenic Definition: – sudden temoporary vasodilation that leads to syncope (fainting) – doenst present a sustained problem – vasodilation intterrups blood flow to brain leading to syncopal episode Term: Hypovolemic
Definition: fluid problem-Loss off blood, Dehydration from vomiting, diarrhea or burns- Common pedi and geriatric pts- S&Sx - Trauma, or penetration - Bleeding, change LOC, nausea, vomit, diarrhea, Tachycardia pale cool skin, Week peripheral pulse, hypotension Term: CPRDefinition: Emphasis on high quality compressions -Rate at least 100/ min
Depth - 2 in for adults - At least 1/3 of chest for infants and pedis - 2 in for pedis - 1.5 inches for infants
Minimum interruptions - Max is 10 sec
30 : 2 BREATHS — Always Term: Definition: Term: AspirinDefinition: Class: anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet aggregate, antipyretic 3. Mechanism of action: reduces inflammation, decreases platelet aggregation, reduces Term: Normal Respiratory Rate & Definition: Adults - 12 to 20 BPM
Children - 15 to 30 BPM
Infants - 25 to 50 Term: AirwayDefinition: Indications: Unresposive pts without gag reflex
Contraindications: Consious pts or any pt with gag reflec
Sizing - to earlob Term: AirwayDefinition: Indications - Unresponsive pt without gag reflex or pts with decreased level of conciousness but with intact gag
Contraindications - concious pts who can protect their own - head or facial trauma - resistance to insertion - pts less then 1 year
Term: breathing Definition: is a deep and labored breathing pattern often associated with metabolic acidosis, particularly diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) but also kidney failure. Term: PT Definition: SCENE SIZE UP
• Scene Satey – Precautions (BSI)
• Determine # of pts and need for additional resources
• Consider MOI or NOI
PRIMARY ASSESSMENT
• Assess and manage ABCs (CABs if pt is unresponsive)
• Simultaneious c-spine if precautions are Term: Asthma Definition: acute condition caused by bronchoconstriction & mucus production – triggered by exercise. Allergic response and illness – wheezing on exhalation, abselt lung sounds in severe cases and coughing Term: Chronic pulmonary Disease (COPD)Definition: Slow chromic disease that obstructs and damages the lower airways and alveoli – COPD includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema
Largely due to cigarette smoking – on home or portable Ox
Term: Congestive FailureDefinition: doesn’t pump effectively and leads to back up of fluid and pulmonary edema Term: Definition: (laryngotracheobronchitis) – inflammation of the , larynx and trachea - hignly infectious and occurs in children of up to 3 years of age
S&Sx
Ususally proceeded by a cold and occurs in winter
“barking” cough
Presents with stridor a high-pitche Term: Fibrosis (CF)Definition: Genetic disorder leading to thick mucus production and chronic lung infections - often causes death to entering adulthood
S&Sx – asthmalike symptoms and gastrointestinal problems
Term: Flail Definition: Term: Definition: Infection in the lungs – leading cause of pedi deaths worldwide – concern for any patient that aspirates
S&Sx
History of chronic or termina illness, productive cough, weekness, pain, fever, low pulse ox reading
Term: Definition: Accumulation of air in the pleural space
Occurs spontaneously or as a result of trauma
Astham patients are at a high risk of spontaneous pnt
S&Sx
Hx of respiratory problems or thoracic trauma
Diminished or lung sounds in affected area
Term: Edema Definition: – accumularion of fluid in the lungs
Causes – CHF, toxic inhalation, disease trauma
S&Sx – cardiac hx, rales, edema, orthopnea (dificulyry brearhing while lying down
Term: Respiratory Syncytial (RSV) Definition: – respiratory infection commin in infants and children – extremely contagious
S&Sx symptoms, poor fluid intake, signs of dehydration
Term: Hyperventilation Definition: – rapid breathing and often with distraught patients
Can be sign of serious underlying medical problems
Attempt to calm patient and move from stressful situation
Never have a patient breathe in to a paper bag or O2 mask without O2
Term: Acute Coronary (ACC)Definition: • Myocardial ischemia
• Angina and acute MI
Term: Angina Definition: - Transient Chest pain caused by a lack of 02 to the hearth muscle
• Usually caused by atherosclerosis ( buildup of plaque in a blood vessel that or obstructs flow) in the coronary arteries
• Usually occurs during physical activity or stress a Term: Acute Myocardial (AMI or MI) Definition: death to an area of the myocardial muscle due to lack of oxygenated blood flow through the coronary arteries - dead myocardial becomes scar tissue and cant contribute to cardiac contraction. Time is criritcal to restore blood flow and minimize car Term: Presentations of MI Definition: o Not all pts have chest pain – silent MI complain of epigastic pain or indigestion
o Pt groups who experience atypical MI presentations
• Geriatiric
• Women
• Diabetic
Term: Congestive Failure (CHF) Definition: – when ventricles aren’t able to keep up with the flow of blood coming to them
• RIGHT VENTRICLE - if pumps ineffectively blood backs up in the venous system that feeds the right heart
o Signs – JVD and Edema
• LEFT VENTRICLE – backs up the lun Term: (High BP) Definition: – systolic greater then 140 mmHG and a Diastoluc above 90 mmHG
• Hypertensive Crisis – Systolic over 160 and diastolic over 94
o Pt might have associated symptoms or asymptomatic
o Asymptomatic pts should be by a physician
• S+Sx:Headache, Term: Assessment and Cardiogenic SHockDefinition: • Chest pain or other symptoms cardiac emergency should be high transport priority
• Consider nitroglycerin and CPAPC or BiPAP for CHF
Term: Definition: - death to brain tissue due to interruption in blood flow - Cerebrovascular Accident CVA - Ischemic, Hemorrhagic
S+Sx - Severe headache, slurred speech, Facial Droop, drooling, Unilateral numbness, weakness, paralysis, Altered LOC, Problems
Term: Risk Factors Definition: • Nonmodifiable – RASH Races, Age, Sex Heredity
• Modifiable - SHEDS Hypertension Exercise Diet and Diabetes, Stress
Term: Strokes Definition: – bloodflow is due to blockage
• Due to atherosclerosis (build up of plaque)
• Most strokes are ischemic
Term: Hemorrhagic Definition: – bleeding the brain
• Bleeding robs brain of O2 and can ply pressure to surrpinding brain tissue – further limiting O2
• Limited options for interventions – prevention through modification of risk factors is key
Term: Prehospital Stroke Scale Definition: • Facial Droop – ask pt to smile
• Arm drift – close eyes while holding arms out front palms up (one arm will )
• Speech - ask pt. to repeat a given sentence - speech is slurred, pt unable to speak
Term: Transient AttackDefinition: • TIAs have same signs and symptoms as CVA but signs and symptoms self-correct 24 hours - no permanent brain damage
o Mini strokes – warning sign for impending CVA
Term: Definition: Causes by disorganized electrical activity in the brain- Phases – varies for pt- Aura phase – warning – pt may sense seizure - Tonic – muscle rigidity – incontinence - Tonic-clonic – uncontrolled muscle contraction and relaxation (pt. may be ) - Po Term: Seizures Definition: – Grand Mal
o Pt unresponsive and full-body convulsions
Term: Absence Definition: – mal seixures
o PT doesn’t interact with environment
Term: SeizuresDefinition: o No change in LOC, possible / sensory changes (no ful body convulsions
o Complex Partial Seizures – altered LOC, isolated twitching and sensory changes possible
Term: Status Definition: o Prolonged (30 min) or recurring without pt. regaining consciousness in between
o Dangerous – lead to permanent brain or death
Term: Cause Definition: Congenital problems, trauma, med conditions, alchoho, brain injury, tumor, diabetic emergency, epilepsy, fever, infection, insulin, poisoning/toxic exp., stroke, bio/chem weapons - Febrile seizures common in pedi pts. – typically do not present Term: Definition: – fainting – temporary loss of blood to brain
• Cardiac Emgr, hypotentsion, problems, stress, diabetes, pregnancy, anemia, meds or toxic exposure
• Pts regain consciousness when they are supine and blood flow returns to brain
Assessment and Manag Term: Insulin Definition: pancreatic hormone – move glucose out of bloodstream and into cells - W/out insulin glucose can’t enter cells - cells starve look for other fuel – brain cells cant -Brain cells starve if no glucose/not starve if glucose is present regardless of Term: Glucagon Definition: - pancreatic hormone works opposite of – increases blood glucose Term: of SugarDefinition: • Food consumed – glucose increases
• Insulin released – goes into cells
• Blood sugar levels fall – glucagon is released
• Glucagon temporarily maintains sugar levels
• Etc
Term: LevelsDefinition: • - Normal 80 – 120
• After eating 120-140
• Hypoglycemia – less then - > 120
Term: Type 1 - Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) Definition: Must (inject) supplemental insulin - Develops in pedis -genetic in most - present with the three Ps and high glucose levels
• Type 1 are high risk for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) if untreated
• High risk for insulin shock due to overdose
Term: Type 2 Definition: – non insulin dependent diabeties mellitus
• Don’t typically require insulin
• Combo of lifestyle and genetics
Term: 3 Ps of Definition: • Polyuria – excessive urination due to excess glucose in the urine
• Polydipsia – excessive thirst due to dehydration – excessive hunger due to cell starvation
Term: Insulin Definition: Rapid - brain damage can occur rapidly - treatment must be rapidl - Low BG - Altered LOC – , irritability - Seizures and coma - Restless, anxious - Diaphoresis, tachycardia -Pale, cool skin tremors
misdiagnosed intox or behavioral EMRG
Term: Ketoacidosis (DKA_Definition: Occurs with type 1- BG is> 350 mg - Brain cells use rest of the bodys cells starve -spills glucose into urine - dehydration - Use of alternate fuel sources - anaerobic metabolism production of ketones and acidosis -Acidosis threatens brain
Term: Signs and of Diabetic KetoacidosisDefinition: high blood glucose above 350 - Deep Rapid Breaths -Kussmauls - The 3 Ps - Polydipsia – excessive thirst - Polyphagia – excessive hunger - Polyuria – urination - Unusual odor on breath – fruity or acetonelike - Incontience - Tachycardia -Coma
Term: Hyperflycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome Definition: • Similar to DKA but without the build up of more frequently with type 2
Term: Sedatives Barbiturates Definition: o Decreased LOC, respiratory constriction
o Respiratory arrest seizures coma and death
Term: Specific for Ingested Toxins Definition: • Activated med direction or a positon control center
Term: Narcotics - Definition: - widely abused - ingested or injected - Morphine, codeine, heroin, oxycodone, -CNS depressants - Bradypnea,shallow respirations, and pinpoint pupils - case coma and respiratory depression
• ALS providers able to administer Narcan
Term: Sedative Hypnotic Definition: Hypnotics are CNS depressants
• Calming effect and induce sleep – taken orally but can be injected
• Barbiturates – amytal seconal and luminal
• Benzodiazepines – valium, Xanax and Rphypnol
Term: Acids and Definition: Caustic substances
• Acids – low pJ and burn on have a very high pH and tent to burn deeper the acids – pain may be delayed - Activated charcoal is contraindicated with caustic or hydrocarbon ingestion.
Term: Response GuideDefinition: Term: AssessmentDefinition: the transport priority. Term: compressions,Definition: is for unresponsive children with a pulse rate below 60 Term: Rapid Definition: part of the primary assessment - meant to identify any lift-threatening conditions - not used to identify low priority injuries - pt with the for life threatening conditions, conscious or unconscious, receive a rapid scan. Term: The magnum Definition: is a large at the base of the skull that allows the brain and spinal cord to connect. Term: inhalation the diaphragm and intercostal muscles are . There is a drop in pressure within the thorax and air is pulled in, not pushed. Definition: the and intercostal muscles are contracting. There is a drop in pressure within the thorax and air is pulled in, not pushed. Term: Left Heart Definition: Pulmonary Term: Right FailureDefinition: JVD and Edema Term: parasympathetic system Definition: exerts control over digestive Term: nervous systemDefinition: Dilated , dry mouth, and hypertension, increased cardiac output, increased respirations, peripheral vasoconstriction, and decreased blood flow to the GI tract Term: chemical Definition: Nerve agents and choking agents are examples of chemical Term: Biological Definition: are intended to disease Term: Nuclear and agents Definition: are intended to cause injury by blast, , or thermal burns Term: ABCDefinition: Responsive Pts. -
AIRWAY - Manual airway maneuvers, suction, mechanical adjuncts
BREATHING - Assess respiratory rate, quality, and auscultate lung sounds. Give O2 or ventilations
CIRCULATION - , bleeding, and skin condition Term: Definition: Unresponsive Term: A mask Definition: is indicated for spontaneously breathing patients with ventilations and signs of hypoxia Term: Definition: Patients with , slow, or shallow ventilations should be ventilated Term: SVN Definition: is used to nebulize bronchodilator medications Term: Assesment - Definition: Assess and manage ABCs (CABs if pt is unresponsive)- manual c-spine if precautions are needed - Administer 02 and ventilate if needed - Rapid Scan – less then 90 seconds (inspection, palpation and auscultation as needed) - Determine Tranpsort Term: AVPUDefinition: Alert/Awake, Verbal, Pain, Term: CO2 Definition: Primary regulation of Breathing in our - Monitors C02 levels in our bodies Term: The drive Definition: is the body’s system to the CO2 drive. It monitors oxygen levels in the blood Term: hypotensive syndromeDefinition: occurs when the weight of the fetus and uterus the inferior vena cava.This reduces the return of blood to the heart, reducing cardiac output and blood pressure. Term: Cincinnati Stroke ScaleDefinition: acial droop, slurred , and arm drift Term: Scene Size Definition: • Scene Satey – Precautions (BSI)
• Determine # of pts and need for resources
• Consider MOI or NOI
Term: AssessmentDefinition: • Head to Toe
• SAMPLE /
Term: Definition: • Caused by inflammation of the peritoneum (membrane lining the abdominal organs and cavity)
• S+S
o Nausea vomiting, loss of appetite, , fever
Term: CholecytitisDefinition: Inflammation of the gall bladder often due to gallstones - Females 30-50
S+S - upper quadrant pain - Increased pain at night - Increased pain after eating fatty foods - Referred pain in the shoulder is common - Nausea and vomiting
Term: Definition: Cholecytitis Term: Definition: Term: Definition: - late Term: Definition: Term: Definition: Develops when small pouches (fiverticula) along the wall of the intetestine fill with feces abd become inflamed/ infected
over 40 and low fiber diet - S+S - Abdo pain in the lower left quadrant, Fever, , Nausea, vomiting, Bleeding not common Term: GI BleedingDefinition: Often middle age pts, Most often fatal in geriatric pts
•Upper GI bleeds – ulcers
•Lower Gi Bleeds – due to diverticulitis
• S+S vomiting , bloody stool
o Dark Tarry Stool
o Signs and symptoms of hypovolemic shock
Term: Definition: – blood Term: Hematochezia Definition: – bloody Term: GastroenteritisDefinition: • Infection with associated diarrhea, nausea and vomiting
• Due to contaminated food or water – not vomiting and diarrhea can lead to hypovolemic shock
• Common cause of shock in children
Term: Varices
Definition: • Weakening of the blood vessels lining the esophagus
• Frequently addociated with alcoholism
• S+S
o Vomiting large amounts of bright red blood
o Hx of alcohol abuse or liver +S of hypovolemic shock
Term: Definition: • Open wounds along the digestive tract – often the +S
o History of ulcers
o Abdominal pain in the left upper quadrant
o Nausea and vomiting
o Elicits increase in pain before meals and during stress
Term: Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)Definition: of the wall of the aorta in the abdominal region, prone to rupture - will cause rapid fatal bleeding - S+S, common in geriatric Males, Tearing back pain, S+S of hypovolemic shock, pulsating abdominal mass
o Transported without delay
Term: Pelvic Inflammatory (PID)Definition: • Painful and requires treatment – non emergency transport is recommended
• S+S
o Abdominal pain
o Fever
o Pain urination
o Increased pain while walking
• Vaginal Bleeding
o Causes – spontaneous abortion, PID, STDS
Term: UTI – Urinary Tract Definition: • Signs and Symptoms
o Abdo pain
o Hematuria – blood in urine
o Painful or urination
o Fever, nausea, vomiting
Term: Kidney Definition: • Crystals formed in the kidneys that cause an obstruction in the urinary tract causing pain
• Males more likely to develop
• Signs and Symptoms
o Severe abdo pain, groin pain
o Pain urination, fever, nausea and vomiting Term: Head on Vehicle Collisions (MVC)Definition: up and over or down and under the dash – head, chest, abdo, hip and lower extremity injuries – unrestrained pts are ejected Term: Rear- Impact Vehicle Collisions (MVC)Definition: C-spine injury due to hyperextension is Term: Lateral (T-bone) Motor Vehicle Collisions (MVC)Definition: –injuries along the side of impact are Term: MVCDefinition: - injury patterns are to predict – high risk of ejection Term: Rotational Definition: – increase risk of c-spine Term: Coup Definition: brain insjury on the side of the impact Term: Falls Definition: o >10 ft by pedi or any fall with loss of then 15 ft or three times patient’s height is significant
o Surface Struck
o Body part landed on
Term: Blast Definition: Primary – injuries dues to wave of blast - Secondary – injuries due to flying debris - Tertiary – injuries from being thrown against stationary object - Miscellaneous – burns, inhalation etc
Term: Glasgow Coma Definition: Eye opening - Spontaneous 4,speech3,pain 2,None 1
Verbal - A&O 5, Confused 4, Inappropriate 3, Incomprehensible 2, None 1 Motor - Obeys 6, Localizes Pain 5, Withdraws from pain 4, Abnormal Flexion – 3, Extension – 2, None 1Total – min3 max – 15 Term: Control HemmorrhageDefinition: 1 - Direct pressure with dry, sterile dressing, Elevate extremity above heart if possible, apply pressure dressing if bleeding is controlled
2nd - Direct pressure does not control bleeding – apply a tourniquet proximal to the source of blood Term: Definition: scrape to the skin due to friction Term: • Laceration Definition: – cut Term: – Definition: sharp, cut Term: • Avulsion Definition: flap of skin being torn partially or completely Term: Definition: o Rest, Ice, , Elevation Splinting Term: Definition: open abdo injury with externam organs (ususally intestines) protruding
• Cover with moist sterile dressing
• Cover that dressing with an occlusive dressing
• Flex legs to reduce abdominal contraction
• Treat for Shock
• High Priority Term: Impaled Definition: • Should be stabilized
• Indications for removal
o Object creates airway obstruction or inability to manage airway (cheek)
o Object is in the and prevents CPR for pt in cardiac arrest
Term: Open Neck Definition: cover open neck wounds with an occlusive dressing to prevent air Term: Five Factors of Burn Definition: • Depth, • Amount of body surface area burned • Burns to critical areas• Associated or preexisting medical conditions, poor health and certain meds complicate bodies ability to handle a burn injury
• Age
Term: Superficial Definition: damage only
• Painful, red, no blisters
Term: Partial thickness (second-degree) Definition: • Epidermal and partial dermal injury
• Paintful blisters Term: Full (third degree burn)Definition: • Injury completely dermal layer
• Dry Leathery Skin – no pain
Term: Severe Burn Definition: compromise respiratory, 3rd circumferential burns
2nd covering > 30%
3rd covering> 10%
Burns with trauma
Full thickness burns to airway, hands, face, feet or genitalia
A moderate burn criteria for pts under 5 and over 55
Term: Burn InjuriesDefinition: thickness burns covering 2 to 10% o
• Partial thickness nurns covering 15 to 30%
• Superficial Burns covering more than 50%
Term: Burn InjuriesDefinition: • Full thickness burns covering less than 2%
• Partial Thickness burns covering less than 15%
• Superficial covering less than 50%
Term: BurnsDefinition: heat from water, steam or fire - Stop burning with moist sterile burn sheet until skin is no longer hot to touch - with dry sterile burn sheet reduce risk of hypothermia infection, Remove clothing that trap heat +Jewelry – massive swelling
Term: Injury Definition: – inhalation or inhales hot gases due to fire in a confined space
• S+S include stridor, dyspnea, coughing, wheezing, facial burns, hoarse voice, airway edema, singed facial hair or soot in mouth or nose
Term: Electrical Definition: scene safety – don’t remove pt without proper training -Significant unseen injury have occurred entrance and exit points on body - Electrical burn pts are high risk of respiratory and arrest -All pts require transport and evaluation by physician Term: Chemical Definition: Eyes and respiratory system are at high risk - scene safety first – contaminated clothing, jewelry - Brush off any dry chemical on skin - Irrigate f water
o Avoid contaminating unaffected areas with runoff
• Treat as thermal burn
Term: Definition: – injury to a muscle or tenden
• S+S pain and tenderness
• Usually little bleeding with a strain so swelling and discoloration will likely be minimal
Term: Definition: – injury to a ligament
• Involve shoulder, knee or ankle joints
• S+S
o Pain and – immediately
o Swelling and discoloration – delayed
Term: • Pelvic Definition: 1 in 5 hip fx pts dies one year
Risk of hypovolemic shock, embolism, pneumonia and sepsis
Most hip fractures occur in geriatric pts
Pelvic binders are commercial splints used in some EMS systems to stabilize pelvic fx and reduce bleeding Term: • Femur Definition: o Single femur fx can cause hipvolemic shock
o Increased risk of embolism
o Fxs to multiple smaller long bones can combine to cause hypovolemic Term: Skull Definition: • S+S
o Battle’s Sign - bruising behind the ears
o Raccoon Eyes – bruising the eyes
Term: skull fxDefinition: – most skull fxs – present deformity or depression Term: • Depressed Definition: – may be on palpation - increased risk of brain injury due to bone displaced from tissue Term: Skull Fx Definition: - occur base of skull - fluid may leak from nose or Term: Contusion Definition: - accompanied by edema and/or concussion injury
• S+S
o Signs of concussion
o AND decreased mental status, unresponsive, changes, changes in vital signs, obvious behavioral abnormalities
Term: Epidural Definition: bleeding beneath skull but above the dura mater - arterial bleeding -dangerous increase in intercranial - Brief loss of consciousness Worsening LOC, headache, seizures, vomiting, posturing, hypertension, bradycardia, pupillary changes
Term: pressureDefinition: rise in systolic blood pressure, widened pulse pressures, bradycardia, irregular breathing, heart rate increase, breathing shallow, apnea will occur, and blood pressure will begin to fall. agonal rhythm followed by respiratory arrest and arrest. Term: Subdural Definition: – bleeding above the brain (beneath the dura mater and above the arachnoid layer) - caused by venous bleeding following cerebral contusion Vomiting, decrease LOC, pupillary changes, unilateral weakness or paralysis, hypertension, changes in resp Term: HemorrhageDefinition: - bleeding in subarachnoid space
• Allows blood to enter cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
• Due to or a ruptured aneurysm
• S+S
o Headache, stiff neck
o Neuro impairment, decreased LOC and seizures
Term: Hemorrhage
•Definition: Bleeding within tissue
• Pts can deteriorate rapidly
• High mortality rate
Term: Herniation Definition: brain is compressed due to excessive ICP - Will force brain down foramen mangnum
o Cushings response/ reflex – hypertension, bradycardia, altered respiratory patern -Mortality rates high – attempt to reduce dangerously high ICP higher ventilation Term: Cushings Definition: hypertension, bradycardia and . Term: Flexion Definition: – extreme forward (chin to ) movement of head Term: Definition: – backward movement of head (eg rear impract accident) Term: Definition: –Compression of head body (diving injury) Term: Rotation Definition: – lateral (side to side) movement Term: Definition: – stretching of column (hanging) Term: bending Definition: – (extreme bending of head to side (ear to ) Term: Transected CordDefinition: Paralysis below injury, Loss of bladder/ bowel control, Respiratory arrest if high cervical injury – C5 +, Neurogenic shock ,Hypotension without tachycardia, Priapism (involuntary penile erection – spinal shock can present but resolves with 24 Term: AbrasionDefinition: • Caused by Direct trauma and objects
• Cornea transparent covering over the iris and pupil
• S+S – pain, tearing, sensation of something in eye
Term: Orbital Definition: • Signifcant MOI – consider spinal trauma
• S+S
o Visual , double vision
o Deformity around the orbit
o Loss of sensation around the orbit
o Inability to move eye in upward gaze
Term: Chemical Definition: • Chemicals immediate and continuous irrigation
• Avoid moving from one eye to the other
Term: Objects
Definition: • Don’t remove from eye
• Stabilize in place
• Keep both eyes to prevent passive movement of impaled object
Term: ConductionDefinition: direct of heat through contact with colder structure
Term: Convection Definition: loss of heat to passing Term: Evaporation Definition: – loss of heat evaporation of water from the skin Term: Respiration Definition: – loosing heat from your Term: Definition: - transfer from radiant Term: Cramps Definition: – local emergency
• Occur during prolonged exertion and are likely caused by electrolyte imbalance and – rest, rehydrate, restore electrolytes
Term: Heat Definition: Systemic heat emrg
• Combo of heat exposure and hypovolemia
• S+S
o Hx of exertion in warm environment
o Dizziness, weakness
o Nausea and abdo cramps
o Thirst
o Tachycardia
o Changes in orthostatic vitals
Term: HeatstrokeDefinition: Body looses ability to regulate heat lead to death if untreated
Altered LOC,Skin hot and dry or wet, Seizures, Move cool enviro, If alert water can be administered, Expose pt – cool with water, wet towels cold packs in , neck and armpit, transport Term: Plancenta Definition: • third trimester – placenta attaches to the uterus over the cervical opening
• cervix dilates - placenta is torn and bleeds
• Classic presentation – painless vaginal bleeding trimester
• Asses for S+S of shock
Term: Abruptio Definition: Premature separation of placenta from the uterine wall
O2 and nutrients to fetus is compromised
Maternal blood loss can be severe
Fetus will not survive a complete abruption
Painful vaginal bleeding in 3rd S+S of shock
Term: PregnancyDefinition: • Egg is implanted outside of the uterus – usually fallopian tube
• Can lead to and severe bleeding
• Classic Presentation – severe abdo pain without vaginal bleeding
• Assess S&S of shock
Term: Uterine Definition: as it grows – increasing risk for rupture
• Danger to mother and fetus
• Classic presentation – abdo pain and vaginal bleeding
Term: Spontaneous Definition: • Prior to the 20th and 22nd week of pregnancy
• Classic presentation - cramping, lower abdo pain, vaginal bleeding, passage of tissue or clots
• Assess s+s of Term: Preeclampsia – of pregnancyDefinition: • Occurs 3rd trimester
• Cause not completely understood
• S+S – weight gain, visual disturbances, sudden swelling in face, hands, feet, headache, hypertension
Term: EclampsiaDefinition: • When mother following preeclampsia
• Life threatening
Term: Supine Hypotensive Definition: Fetus compresses inferior vena cava – cause severe drop in blood pressure, Occurs later stages when mother is supine- Dizziness, hypotension, pale skin, altered LOC- keep off of vena cava Put pt in seated position, left or right side, if pt is supin Term: Cord Definition: - When the cord is in the birth canal
• Can become compressed and cut of 02
• Instruct Mother not to push – decrease pressure
• Place mother in knee to chest position
• Push presenting part of baby away from cord
• Transport Immediately
Term: BreechDefinition: • Buttocks or legs are presenting
• Transport – if delivery occurs high risk head will become stuck in birth canal
• If the head is tick use fingers to form a V along the vaginal wall to create space to allow the baby to breath
Term: Definition: – abnormal findings indicate neuro problem, Tone – movement, muscle tone, listlessness, – alertness, reactivity to stimulus, interaction with enivro, Consolability – can be consoled Look – able to fixi gaze
Speech or cry – assess Term: Pedi TriangleDefinition: Appearance, , Circulation Term: Deep Vein (DVT)Definition: • Blood clot in a large vein the leg
• Loose clot can cause pulmonary embolism
• Long term immobility (travel, hospitalization, sedentary lifestyle) increase risk
Term: PlacardsDefinition: Blue – health hazard 4 deadly, 0 normal material
Red – fire hazard – flash points – 4 below 73F – 0 will not burn
Yellow – Reacticity – 4 may detonate – 0 specific hazard
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