In each blank, try to type in the
word that is missing. If you've
typed in the correct word, the
blank will turn green.
If your not sure what answer should be entered, press the space bar and the next missing letter will be displayed. When you are all done, you should look back over all your answers and review the ones in red. These ones in red are the ones which you needed help on. Question: Answer: A relatively permanent change in an 's behavior due to experience. Question: HabituationAnswer: An organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with exposure to it. Question: LearningAnswer: Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning). Question: Classical Answer: A type of in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events. Question: BehaviorismAnswer: The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2). Question: Unconditioned (UR)Answer: In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as when food is in the mouth. Question: Stimulus (US)Answer: In classical , a stimulus that unconditionally -- naturally and automatically -- triggers a response. Question: Conditioned (CR)Answer: In classical conditioning, the response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS). Question: Stimulus (CS)Answer: In classical conditioning, an irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response. Question: AcquisitionAnswer: In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. Question: Higher-order Conditioning (Also "second-order conditioning.")Answer: A procedure in which the CS in one experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus,creating a second(often weaker)stimulus.Animals that've learned that a tone food might then learn that light predicts that and begin responding to just the light. Question: ExtinctionAnswer: The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a is no longer reinforced. Question: RecoveryAnswer: The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned . Question: Answer: The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned to elicit similar responses. Question: DiscriminationAnswer: In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. Question: Learned Answer: The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to repeated aversive events. Question: BehaviorAnswer: Behavior that as an automatic response to some stimulus. Question: Operant Answer: A type of in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. Question: Law of Answer: Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors by unfavorable consequences become less likely. Question: Chamber Answer: In operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a "Skinner box") containing a bar or key that an animal can to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Question: ShapingAnswer: An operant conditioning in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. Question: StimulusAnswer: In operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a respons after association with (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement). Question: ReinforcerAnswer: In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the it follows. Question: ReinforcementAnswer: Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the . Question: Negative Answer: Increasing by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a reponse, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.) Question: Primary Answer: An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that a biological need. Question: ReinforcerAnswer: A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer. Question: ReinforcementAnswer: Reinforcing the desired every time it occurs. Question: (Intermittent) ReinforcementAnswer: Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acqusition of a response but much resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. Question: -ratio ScheduleAnswer: In operant conditioning, a reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. Question: -ratio ScheduleAnswer: In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a after an unpredictable number of responses. Question: Fixed-interval Answer: In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only a specified time has elapsed. Question: Variable-interval Answer: In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time . Question: Answer: An event that decreases the it follows. Question: Cognitive Answer: A mental of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it. Question: LearningAnswer: Learning that occurs but is not until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. Question: Answer: A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a . Question: MotivationAnswer: A to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake. Question: Extrinsic Answer: A to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment. Question: LearningAnswer: Learning by observing others. Also called learning. Question: Answer: The process of observing and a specific behavior. Question: Mirror Answer: Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy. Question: Prosocial Answer: Positive, constructive, behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior. |
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