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AP PSYCH
ch 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is consciousness? | our awareness of various cognitive processes, such as sleeping, dreaming, concentrating, & making decisions. Describes alertness, awareness of various mental processes |
| What is Waking Consciousness? | includes all thoughts, feelings, & perceptions that occur when we are awake & reasonably alert. They’re usually action or plan-oriented & tuned into the external environment. Encompasses thoughts, feelings, & perceptions. |
| What is altered state of Consciousness? | mental state that differs noticeably from normal waking consciousness. I’m detached from external environment. EX: sleep, daydreaming, & dreaming occur routinely even spontaneously. Mind-altering drugs such as alcohol, medication, & hypnosis. |
| What is stream of consciousness revisited? | Kaleidoscope by William James, transforms internal & external info into coherent/continuous stream-description that has with stood the test of time. Thalamus is “sweeping or scanning” all these centers at a rate of 40x/sec. |
| What is tip of the iceberg reanalyzed? | that the consciousness is a mental representation & activity that lie below the surface( Sigmund Freud), many contemporary psychs. Rejects idea that people are driven by unconscious urges. uses words as "NONCONSCIOUSNESS" to describe sensations/perception |
| What is consciousness & adaptation? | many psychs view consciousness as highly adaptive(pinker 1997), that human survival depends upon my ability to get along with the group. |
| What are Daydreams? | shifts in attention away from here-& now into private world of make believe. Surges every 90min/peaks from 12-2pm, average person daydreams half of working hours. dreams are variations on a central theme: thoughts & images of unfulfilled goals & wishes |
| What is sleep? | humans sleep for 1/3 of their lives. Sleep is an altered state of consciousness, a natural state of rest characterized by a reduction in voluntary body movement & decreased awareness of their surroundings. |
| What are Circadian Cycles? | sleep & waking follow a daily cycle. |
| What are Circadian Rhythms? | ancient & fundamental adaptation to the 24 hr solar cycle of light & dark in humans, other animals, plants, & even one celled organisms. |
| What is a Biological Clock? | an innate mechanism that controls the physiological activities of an organism that change on a regular cycle. |
| What is the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus? | regulates biological clock(SCN) a cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus that receives input from the retina regarding light & dark cycles |
| What is Desynchronization? | Disrupted circadian rhythms,Ex jet lag, sleep & wake cycles adapt quickly but hormone, temp, & digestive cycles change slowly causing me be out of synch. Shift workers: experience weight loss, irritability, insomnia, & drowsiness after switching shifts. |
| What is a sleep rhythm? | “ going to sleep” means losing awareness & failing to respond to stimulus that would produce a response in the waking state |
| When/what are night terrors? | in stage 3 or 4 of NREM sleep,scary dreams that occur, person is hard to awaken & they don’t remember the content in the morning. People usually can’t be awakened, & they will push anyone trying to comfort them, Occurs more often if the person is tired. |
| What are nightmares? | frightening dreams that occur during REM sleep & are REMEMBERED! |
| What do nightmares & night terrors have in common? | common in children than adults, adults can have them during times of stress. Neither indicate psychological problems. Anxious people have no more nightmares than other people do. Nightmares from a traumatic experience may plague the sleeper for years. |
| What is Insomnia? | as many as 35 million Americans, cant fall/remain asleep. happens out of stressful events/only temporary. Treatments can cause problems . Ex: presc meds can cause anxiety, no memory, hallucinate violence. Causes of insomnia: psych disorders such as depre |
| What is Apnea? | 10-12million Americans, inherited, assoc. w/breathing trouble/snoring at night he can stop breathing while sleeping, when levels of co2get to a certain level, sleeper gets to a state of arousal just short of waking up. they feel tired & fall asleep alot |
| what is Narcolepsy? | sleep disorder,by sudden nodding off durin the day & sudden loss of muscle tone follow moments of emotional excit: Ex: joke, anger, sexual all bring on the muscle paralysis. Associated with deep sleep, arises from a defect in the central nervous system. |
| What are some random sleep facts? | 40 million Americans suffer from chronic, long term sleep disorders. 20 million Americans suffer from sleep problems. (random sleep facts) |
| What are dreams? | vivid visual & auditory experiences that occur primarily during REM sleep. |
| How many dreams does the average person have? | has 8- 12 vivid dreams/night=2 hrs of total time sleeping. |
| What % of dreams occur in NREM that represent normal waking consciousness? | 50% |
| What doesn't initiate dreams? | internal & external stimuli |
| How long do dreams last? | last as long as the events would in real life. |
| What types of dreams do children age 2-5 have? | have brief dreams that involve animals, but images are usually unrelated to each other & there is hardly any emotion, narrative, or story line. |
| What types of dreams do children 7-9 have? | dreams have a narrative sequential form, feelings & emotion appear in dreams, children often appear as a character in their own dreams at that age |
| What types of dreams do children 9-15 have? | dreams are more adult like, narratives w/story lines, other people play important roles, & there are many verbal exchanges as well as motor activity. |
| More on Sigmund freud (1900)regarding dreams | dreams represent wishes that haven’t been fulfilled in reality, people’s dreams reflect the hidden motives that guide their behavior. |
| What are psychoactive drugs? | chemical substances that change moods & perceptions, mental functioning, or behavior. Many drugs illegal & legal have been used for thousands of years. |
| Where/when was marijuana found? | found in a Emperor’s Chinese recipe book in 2737 B.C |
| When/who/where was cocaine found? | • Natives in Andes Mtns of South America chew leaves of coca plants ( contain cocaine) as a stimulant-custom dating back at least the Inca Empire 15th century. |
| What did the europeans do? | 19th century Europeans added coca to wine, tea, & lozenges. |
| What did the US do? | added laudanaum- opium dissoleved in alcohol was main ingredient, many over the counter( or patient) meds. |
| What did the Atlanta Pharmacist do? | • 1886 Atlanta pharmacist took coca leaves, caffeine cola nuts from west Africa, cane sugar syrup, & carbonated water= Coca-Cola. |
| What did Christopher Columbus do? | • 1492 Christopher Colombus discovered tobacco which native Americans used or religious/medical purposes. |
| What did the Late Stone Age groups do? | • Late Stone age groups created mead( fermented honey with sap or fruit)-10,000 years ago, Egyptians, Babylonians, Greeks, & Romans viewed wine as “gift from gods” |
| What did cultures use psychoactive substances for? | Religious recitals, medicine, tonics, nutrient beverages, or as culturally approved stimulants |
| What does Todays Society use psychoactive substances for? | mainly recreational(to relax, have fun with strangers/people, or to get high in public/private |
| How strong are todays psychoactive substances? | • These substances are much stronger (western history)-wine 12 % alcohol diluted with water, hard liquor( 40-75% alcohol) approved in 10th century A.D. |
| Is heroin stronger today? | yes, • Heroin on the streets is more potent & addictive than 1930’s-1940’s, & new synthetic drugs appear regularly with unpredictable consequences |
| What is substance abuse? | pattern of drug use that diminishes the ability to fulfill responsibilities at home/work/school, that results in repeated use of a drug in dangerous situations or that leads to legal difficulties related to drug use. |
| What is substance dependence? | AKA addiction, pattern of compulsive drug taking that results in tolerance withdrawal symptoms or other specific symptoms for at least a year. |
| What is tolerance? | Phenomenon whereby higher doses of a drug are required to produce its original effects or to prevent withdrawal symptoms. |
| What are withdrawal symptoms? | Unpleasant physical or psychological effects that follow the discontinuance of a dependent producing substance. |
| What are Depressants?exs, and what are they used for? | Chemicals that slow down behavior/cognitive processes. Ex: alcohol, Barbiturates, & Opiates. Taken, to reduce tension, to forget troubles, to relieve inadequacy, loneliness, and boredom. |
| What is alcohol? | most used psychoactive(PA) drug in western society, it’s a depressant that’s the intoxicating ingredient in alcohol. |
| What are Barbiturates?Exs:, and what are they used for? | AKA “downers” include these meds: Amytal, Nembutal, & Seconal. First used for sedation & anticonvulsants. Now used to treat anxiety, epilepsy, bed wetting, insomnia, & sleep. |
| What are opiates?What are they used for? exs: | PA substances, derived from the opium poppy. Orignates in Turkey, not always used in history for abuse. Opiate drugs such as opium & heroin, dull the sense & induces Euphoria, well-being, & relaxation. |
| What are stimulants?What drugs are included? | drugs including amphetamines & cocaine. They stimulate the sympathetic nervous system & produce feelings of optimism & boundless energy. All stimulants excite the NS “fight or flight” response also occurs. |
| What is nicotine?What is it used for? | in tobacco, most dangerous & addictive stimulation in use today. Neurochemical processes of this are similar to cocaine, Amphetamines, & morphine. |
| What are Amphetamines?When in history where they used for? | stimulant drugs creates “rushes” of Euphoria,“crashes”, depression.habit forming 1st used in the 1930’s as a nasal spray to remove asthma symptoms. At chemical level resembles epinephrine, used in WWII to reduce fatigue “ pep pills”, AKA “diet pills" |
| What/when is Cocaine?Whats it used for? | Derived from the Coca Plant, creates a sense of Euphoria by stimulating the Sympathetic NS, leads to anxiety, depression, & addictive cravings. 1885. |
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