Help
Options
Question
tip-of-the tongue phenomenon
click to flip
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't know
Question
how does info get into memory?
Remaining cards (78)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Psychology 100
Ch. 7 & Ch. 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| tip-of-the tongue phenomenon | when forgotten info feels like it's just out of reach |
| how does info get into memory? | encoding |
| how is info maintained in memory? | storage |
| how is info pulled back out of memory? | retrieval |
| encoding | involves forming a memory code |
| an example of encoding | emphasizing how a word looks, sounds, what it means |
| storage | involves maintaining encoded info in memory over time (info storage is not enough to guarantee that you'll remember something) |
| retrieval | involves recovering info from memory stores |
| what might cause one to forget? | deficiencies in any of the three key processes in memory |
| Attention | involves focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events |
| what is the key issue of locating where the "filter" is? | whether stimuli are screened out early, during sensory input, or late, after the brain has processed the meaning or significance of the input |
| cocktail party phenomenon | crowded party where many conversations are taking place; filtering out the other conversations; if someone in another conversations mentions your name, you may still notice it ("late" selection) |
| Lavie's theory on location of "filter" | idea that the location of the "filter" depends on "cognitive load" of current info processing |
| structural encoding | relatively shadowing processing that emphasizes physical structure of a stimulus |
| example of structural encoding | words flash on a screen; registers how they are printed or the length of the words |
| phonemic encoding | emphasizes what a word sounds like (naming or saying) |
| semantic encoding | emphasizes the meaning of verbal input (thinking about the objects and actions the words represent) |
| levels-of-processing theory | theory proposing that deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes (deeper processing leads to enhanced memory) |
| elaboration | linking a stimulus to other info at the time of encoding |
| example of elaboration | you read that phobias are often caused by classical conditioning and apply this idea to your own fear or spider |
| imagery | creation of visual images to represent words (can be used to enrich encoding) |
| example of imagery | juggle; imagine someone juggling balls (concrete object). Truth; much more difficulty forming an image (abstract object) |
| 16 pairs of words theory | high-high (juggler-dress) high-low (letter-effort) low-high (duty-hotel) low-low (quality-necessity) |
| dual-coding theory | theory stating memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to recall |
| self-referent encoding | describing how or whether info is personally relevant (making material personally meaningful can also enrich encoding) |
| motivation to remember | info perceived to be important; more likely to exert extra effort to attend to (encoding processes can be enhanced by strong motivation) |
| sensory memory | preserves info in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second (allows visual patter, sound, or touch to linger for a brief moment after sensory stimulation is over) |
| example of sensory memory | rapidly moving a lighted sparkler or flashlight in circles in the dark (sparklers); preserves image long enough for you to perceive a continuous circle rather than separate points of light |
| short-term memory (STM) | limited capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed info for about 10-20 seconds |
| rehearsal | process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the info |
| chunking | grouping familiar stimuli stored as a single unit |
| phonological loop | represents all of the STM in earlier models; at work when you use recitation to temporarily hold onto a phone number |
| visuospatial sketchpad | permits people to temporarily hold and manipulate visual images; at work when you try to mentally rearrange the furniture in your room or map out a route to travel somewhere |
| central executive | controls the deployment of attention, switching the focus of attention as needed; coordinates actions of the other module |
| episodic buffer | temporary, limited capacity store that allows the various components of working memory to integrate info; serves as interface between working memory and long-term memory |
| working memory capacity (WMC) | refers to one's ability to hold and manipulate info in conscious attention |
| long-term memory (LTM) | an unlimited capacity store that can hold info over lengthy periods of time |
| flashbulb memories | unusually vivid and detailed recollections of circumstances in which people learned about momentous, newsworthy events |
| clustering | tendency to remember similar or related items in groups |
| conceptual hierarchy | multilevel classification system based on common properties among items |
| schema | an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from a previous experience with the object or event |
| Tuckey and Brewer study | suggests that people are more likely to remember things that are consistent with their schemas than things that aren't |
| Koriat, Goldsmith, and Pansky study | people sometimes exhibit better recall of things that violate their schema-based expectations |
| semantic network | consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts |
| spreading activation | when people think about a word, their thoughts naturally go to related words |
| connectionist models | take inspiration from how neural networks appear to handle info instead of taking their cue from how computers process info (info lies in strengths of connections) |
| parallel distributed processing | simultaneous processing of the same info that's spread across networks of neurons |
| misinformation effect | occurs when participants' recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading postevent info |
| reality monitoring | refers to the process of deciding whether memories are based on external sources (one's perception's of actual events) or internal sources (one's thoughts and imaginations) |
| source monitoring | involves making attributions about the origins of memories |
| source-monitoring error | occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source |
| destination memory | involves recalling from whom one was told what |
| retention | refers to proportion of material retained (remembered) |
| recall | measure of retention requires subjects to reproduce info to their own without any cues |
| recognition | measure of retention requires to select previously learned info form an array of options |
| relearning | measure of retention requires a subject to memorize info a second time to determine how much time or how much practice trials are saved by having learned it before |
| pseudoforgetting | can't really forget something you never learned; lack of attention |
| decay theory | theory that proposes that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time |
| interference theory | theory that proposes that people forget info because of competition from other material (2 kinds) |
| retroactive interference | occurs when new info impairs the retention of previously learned info |
| proactive interference | occurs when previously learned info interferes with retention of new info |
| encoding specificity principle | idea that value of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code |
| transfer-appropriate processing | occurs when the initial processing of info is similar to the type of processing required by the subsequent measure of retention |
| repression | refers to keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious |
| long-term potentiation (LTP) | a long lasting increase in neural excitability at synapses along a specific neural pathway |
| retrograde amnesia | involves the loss of memories for events that occurred prior to the onset of amnesia |
| anterograde amnesia | involves the loss of memories for events that occur after the onset of amnesia |
| consolidation | hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of info into durable memory codes stores in long-term memory |
| declarative memory system | handles factual info (definitions) |
| nondeclarative memory system | houses memory for actions, skills, conditioned responses, and emotional responses (motor skills) |
| episodic memory system | made up on chronological, or temporally dated, recollection of personal experiences |
| semantic memory system | contain general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the info was learned |
| prospective memory | involves remembering to perform actions in the future |
| retrospective memory | involves remembering events from the past or previously learned info |
| mnemonic devices | strategies for enhancing memory |
| overlearning | continued rehearsal of material after you appear to have mastered it |
| serial position effect | occurs when subjects show better recall for items at the beginning and end of a list than for items in the middle |
| link method | involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together |
| method of Loci | involves taking an imaginary walk along a familiar path where images of items to be remembered are associated with certain locations |
Created by:
ebobbitt29
Popular Psychology sets