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Genetics + DNA
genetics+dna
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| DNA | A very long molecule made of repeating subunits called nucleotides. |
| Nucleotides | have 3 parts- sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. |
| 4 nitrogen bases found in DNA | Adenine-A, Guanine-G, Thymine-T, Cytosine-C |
| The nitrogen bases in DNA bond together using hydrogen bonds and form a zipper like structure | A only pairs with T, T only pairs with A, C only pairs with G, G only pairs with C. |
| RNA | single stranded, contains U's instead of T's, can leave the nuclues |
| Watson and Crick | diveloped the double helix model of DNA |
| Double Helix | a long zipper that is twisted |
| Mutation | any change in the DNA code |
| Replication | the copying of DNA for the process of cell division |
| Replication | semi-conservative meaning that every new strand of DNA formed is actually half old and half new. |
| Replication | must occur before the cell can divide into new body cells or reproductive cells |
| Transcription | coping of DNA into mRNA (messenger RNA) |
| DNA | unzips at a particular location and the RNA nucleotides attach to DNA nucleotides. |
| A mRNA (messenger RNA) | strand is formed and it leaves the nuclues to travel to the ribosome. |
| Translation | the mRNA code is converted into a sequence of amino acids by a tRNA (transfer RNA), each 3 base pairs codes for a particular amino acid |
| tRNA | brings the correct amino acids to the ribosome |
| Peptide bond | forms between each amino acids. |
| long peptide chain | is formed and is eventually folded into a protein |
| Gene regulation | different cells in the body produce different protiens for specific puposes. |
| Cells also | respond to their environment by producing different proteins |
| Cancer | results when genes are not regulated and cells divide uncontollably |
| Mitosis | the process in which 2 identical cells are made from 1 for the purpose of growth and replacement |
| STEPS OF MITOSIS | DNA replicares- chromosome copies pair up DNA condenses and becomes more visible forming chromatids (prophase); membrane disappears (prophase) Chromosomes line up in middle (metaphase) Chromatids (copied chromosomes) spilt (Anaphase) |
| STEPS OF MITOSIS CONTINUED | Cell membrane pinches inward in animal cells (Telophase) Cell plate forms in plant cells that will eventually for the cell wall |
| Asexual Reproduction | single celled organisms such as bacteria reproduce this reproduction is rapid generating many organisms- but does not provide for genetic recombination - uses mitosis |
| Sexual reproduction | two individuals required- reproduction not as quick but provides for genetic recombination- requires gametes (sex cells)- needs meiosis |
| Meiosis | the process of making sex cells also called gametes (either sperm or egg), the chromosome number is halved so that when sex cells join during fertilization the original number of chromosomes is conserved. |
| Mitosis VS Meiosis | Mitosis- produces 2 cells; Diploid cells for diploid cells; Chromosome number remains the same; Cells divide once. Meiosis- Produces 4 cells; Diploed cells produce haploed cells; Chromosome number is halved; Cells divide twice |
| ^^^^^^^^^^continued^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | Both- Chromosome replication occurs prior to |
| Crossing over | during meiosis homologous chromosomes line up and sometimes swap sections of their DNA, this ensures that the genetic code is mixed up- differences in genetic code can make for more fit individuals |
| Law of independent Assortment/Random assortment of chromosomes | during meiosis there is no set way in which chromosomes are divided- Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes---1 chromosome of each pair must end up in a sex cell-but it does not matter which chromosome in the pair. |
| ^^^^^^^^^^^continued^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | Leads to the differences seen among siblings. |
| Fertilization | joining of gametes from two sources |
| Mutations | change the DNA sequence (blue eye color) |
| Nondisjunction | occurs when chromosomes don't seperate properly during meiosis. Creates disorders such as Trisomy-21 also known as Down's Syndrome |
| Father of genetics | Mendel- studied pea plants |
| Gene | a segment of DNA that encodes for a trait |
| Allele | different form of the same gene |
| Dominant allele | masks any other form present |
| Recessive aleele | the form of a gene that is masked |
| Homozygous | an individual that has two of the same alleles for a gene |
| Heterozygous | an individual that has two different alleles for a gene |
| Test cross | crossing an unkown individual with a recessive individual to determine whether the unkown individual is heterozygous or homozygous |
| TT X tt-----> | 1:0 ratio of tall to short (all tall) |
| Tt X tt-----> | 1:1 ratio of Tall to short (half tall, half short) |
| Incomplete dominance | neither allele masks the other but instead you see an intermediate in the heterozygous. Example: Red flower X White flower--->pink flowers |
| Codominant alleles | when neither allele masks the other but instead you see both alleles appear. Example: Roan coat color in cows- mixture of red and white hairs. also AB blood type in humans |
| Multiple alleles | more than two alleles influence the same gene. Example: A,B,AB,O blood types- also an example of codominance since AB blood type can occur. |
| Polygenic traits | traits such as hair color that are controlled by more than one gene |
| Karyotypes | diagrams that arrange chromosomes from largest to smallest in order to detect diseases caused by nondisjunction or other abnormalities |
| Pedigrees | a chart, similar to a family tree that traces a paricular trait or disease. - Hemophilia and colorblindness are sex linked traits that can be traced using a pedigree. -Circles represent females/squiares males. |
| ^^^^^^^continued^^^^^^^ | -Fully shaded individuals have the trait. Those that are half shaded carry the trait. |
| Human Genome Project | sequence the entire human DNA (all the ATCG's) -allows us to determine if an individual carries a disease -allows us to create gene therapies |
| Gene Therapy | replacing defective genes with normal copies |
| Recombinant DNA | DNA from humans can be taken and placed in bacteria cells so that proteins like insulin can be made more efficiently. |
| DNA fingerprinting | Every person has unique DNA, that can be placed in a gel electophoresis to form a uique "fingerprint"- used for solving crimes, identify people. - Gel electrophoresis- a technique that is used to seperate DNA based on size. |
| Transgenic Organisms | organisms that have DNA from other organisms placed in them. - Human gene for isulin is placed into bacterial cells - bacterial cells then make insulin |
| Sickle cell Anemia | red blood cells are shaped like a sickle (half moon) due to a mutation in the hemoglobin protein attached to the red blood cell-people with this disorder cannot carry oxygen as well- but it does provide an immunity to malaria, common only |
| ^^^^^^^^^continued^^^^^^^^^^^ | in African americans. |
| Cystic fibrosis | a disorder in which an enzyme that breaks down mucus is not present so mucus in the lungs and repiratory track become blocked-the average life span for someone with cystic fibrosis is 20 years. |
| Down syndrome | a condition in which an individual receives an extra copy of chromosome 21 due to mistakes in meiosis-the resulting individual could have severe to mild mental retardation. |
| Huntingtons disease | a disease which can detected by a genetic test but its affects cannot be seen until the individual is in his 40s-sex linked dominant trait |
| Environmental risk factors | radiation, tobacco smoke and eposure to certain chemical can mutate your DNA-this can lead to cancer or birth defects depending on which cells are exposed or effected. |
| PKU | a disorder caused by defects in the genetic code that lead to one or more enzymes not be created correctly. |
| HIV | virus that is transmitted through bodily fluids either sexually or through needles. -can live in your body for a long period of time without symptoms. -destroys a persons immune system-causes the disease AIDS. |
| Influenza | -flu-caused by a virus that mutates rapidly requiring us to create annual vacines. |
| Smallpox | bacterial disease that has been eliminated from human population due to vaccination programs. |
| Streptococcus | strep throat- bacterial disease that can be treated with antibiotics |
Created by:
ciroborja
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