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Macrominerals
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Macrominerals | Calcium, Sodium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Potassium, Chloride |
| Calcium sources | Dairy products, sardines, clams and oysters, cruciferous vegetables, tofu, fortified juices |
| Calcium Absorption Reduced by | Oxalate, Phytate, phosphorus (but not likely to affect Ca balance), Menopause, Age, Iron |
| Calcium absorption increased by | Vitamin D |
| Calcium absorption excretion may be increased by | Protein, Sodium, Chloride |
| Calcium absorption supplements | Citrate is best absorbed, take carbonate with food, |
| Functions of Calcium | Normal bone (99% of Ca in bones and teeth, Hydroxyapatite- bone crystals, men lose bone mass at high rate in menopause) ; Intracellular messenger: Activates protein kinase(phosphorylations) Activates phospholipase |
| Functions of Calcium cont'd: | - Muscle contraction : Ca enters muscle and binds to troponin c - Blood clotting: required for activation of clotting factors - Normal Blood Pressure - Colon Cancer Prevention |
| Calcium Deficiency | - Decrease in serum : Tetany = uncontrolled muscle contraction - Decrease in bone : Rickets in children; Osteoporosis in adults - Decrease intake : HTN, Colon Ca, Weight Gain |
| Calcium Assessment | Serum Calcium , Serum ionized Ca (direct measure of active calcium levels), Bone mass/density Ca (best measured by Dexa) |
| Phosphorus sources | Dairy, MFP, Nuts/Seeds, Legumes, Soft Drinks |
| Phosphorus Absorption | - Decreased by: Phytates, Magnesium Calcium - Increased by : Vitamin D |
| Phosphorus Fuctions | - Bone mineralization = hydroxyapatite - Energy-rich compounds = ATP, creatine phosphate - Phospholipids = cell membranes - Coenzyme form of vitamins = PLP, NADPH, TDP, TPP - Nucleic acid structures = Alternates with pentoses to form back bone |
| Phosphorus Deficiency | - Rare due to widespread sources |
| Phosphorus at risk | Antacids or phos-binders Starvation - refeeding sydrome |
| Phosphorus deficiency symptoms | Children : rickets Adults : osteomalacia Muscular weakness Loss of appetite Hemolytic anemia |
| Phosphorus toxicity | AT RISK: renal failure Symptoms : renal bone disease, soft tissue calcification |
| Phosphorus assessment | Serum phosphorus |
| Magnesium Sources | Nuts, Legumes, Whole grains, Green Vegetables |
| Magnesium absorption decreased by | phytates, phosphorus increased by: vitamin D |
| Magnesium functions | Enzyme cofactor = kinases - Protein and nucleic acid synthesis - Bone structure - Blood pressure = vasodilator, and cofactor for fatty acid metabolism and synthesis of prostaglandins |
| Magnesium deficiency | Muscle effects = tremors, weakness, spasms N/V, anorexia Osteporosis? Low intakes related to heart disease |
| Magnesium toxicity | At risk: renal failure Symptoms: diarrhea |
| Magnesium Assessment | Serum concentration and urine excretion |
| Sodium sources | Processed foods, pickeled foods, table salt, softened water, MSG |
| Sodium functions | - Primary extracellular cation - Regulation of fluid status and blood pressure - Nerve transmission (depolarization) - Acid base balance ( Sodium exchanges for H+ at kidney) - Absorption of glucose |
| Sodium deficiency | Rare, but may cause intracellular edema - Caused by fluid loss and replacement of water only |
| Sodium toxicity | - increase blood pressure - stiff arteries - AT RISK: renal failure, heart failure |
| Potassium sources | Unprocessed foods, Fruits/Veggies, Peanut butter, Dairy, Legumes, salt substitutes |
| Potassium Functions | - Primary intracellular cation - Nerve transmission - Regulation of fluid balance and blood presure |
| Potassium deficiency | AT RISK : fluid lost, K-wasting diuretics, Starvation ( refeeding syndrome) - Hypertension - Hypokalemia = muscle weakness, mental confusion, arrythmias |
| K toxicity | Usually not due to diet AT RISK: renal failure |
| Chloride sources | Same as sodium, Eggs Seafood |
| Chloride functions | - Fluid/electroylte balance (opposes sodium) - Component HCL - Acid/Base balance = lose H+ during vomiting, exchange for bicarbonate in RBCs |
| Chloride deficiency | AT RISK: excess fluid loss SYMPTOMS: convulsions |
| Chloride toxicity | AT RISK: dehydration INCREASE BP: as salt |
| Chloride Assessment | Serum concentration |
Created by:
xllynnn
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