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Honors Bio Vocab EOC
Honors Bio Vocab Review for the SC EOC
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 10 Percent Rule | ten percent of energy in transferred to the next tropic level for consummation |
| Abiotic Factors | chemical or physical factors(ex. water, nitrogen, oxygen, salinity, pH, soil nutrients and composition, temperature, amount of sunlight, precipitation) |
| accuracy | the degree to which the experimental value agrees with the true or accepted value |
| Acid Rain | Changes the pH of aquatic ecosystems and affects the types of organisms that can survive there. |
| Activation energy | amount of energy sufficient for a certain chemical reaction to occur |
| Active transport | move against concentration gradient (low to high concentration) and require the cell to expend energy |
| Adaptation | leads to the increase of frequency of a particular structure, physiological process, or behavior in a population of organisms that makes the organisms better able to survive and reproduce. |
| Adaptive radiation/Divergent evolution | When a number of different species diverge (split-off) from a common ancestor. Occurs over many generations when organisms evolve a variety of characteristics which allow them to survive in different niches. |
| Adenosine triphosphate | the most important biological molecule that supplies energy to the cell |
| Aerobic respiration | two-step process that consists of the citric acid cycle and the electron transport. |
| Agricultural Technology | Improves the ability to grow crops to sustain a population. Help to conserve soil and reduce erosion |
| Alcoholic fermentation | pyruvic acid formed during glycolysis is broken down to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide (energy is released) |
| Alleles | the different forms of a gene |
| Alternative energy technology | using natural, renewable energy sources which increases the quality of the atmosphere and the cycles involved. |
| Amino acids | molecules that are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur that are the building blocks of proteins |
| Anaerobic respiration | the way cells obtain energy if no oxygen is available |
| Analogous structures | Structrues similar in appearance and function, but have different evolutionary origins. |
| Anaphase I | meiosis, the chromosome pairs separate, one chromosome to each side of the cell |
| Anaphase II | meiosis, the chromosomes separate so that one chromatid from each chromosome goes to each pole |
| Anaphase | mitosis, centromeres that join the sister chromatids split. Sister chromatids separate becoming individual chromosomes |
| Anatomy | the study of the physical structures of organisms. |
| Anticodon site | end of each tRNA which has the three nucleotide bases complementary to the codon of mRNA |
| Asexual reproduction | involves only one parent that produces the offspring that are for the most part genetically identical to that parent. Examples are budding, fragmentation, vegetative propagation. |
| ATP-ADP cycle | cells break phosphate bonds as needs to supply energy for most cellular functions,leaving adenosine siphons phage (ADP) and a phosphate available for use |
| Autosomes | all other chromosomes excluding sex chromosomes |
| Autotrophs | an organism that makes energy |
| Bar graph | graph used for non-continuous data which is usually categorical |
| Beneficial mutations | changes that may be useful to organisms in different or changing environment |
| Benign tumor | mass of cancer cells that remain at original cite |
| Biochemical reactions | allow organisms to grow, develop, reproduce and adapt |
| Biochemistry | the study of the chemical processes in organisms. |
| Biological evolution | describes all of the changes that have transformed life on earth from the earliest beginnings to the diversity of organisms in the world today. |
| Biomass | total of the organic material in an ecosystem |
| Biomass pyramid | represents the total mass of living organic matter (biomass) at each trophic level in an ecosystem |
| Biotic Factors | all of the living components of an ecosystem (ex. bacteria, fungi, plants, animals) |
| Buffers | used to regulate pH, so pH homeostasis can be maintained |
| Caloric values | energy stored in a molecule |
| Calorie | Unit of measure used for energy |
| Calvin cycle | functions in carbon fixation, creates sugar in photosynthesis |
| Cancer cells | don't heed normal signals which shut down the cell division process, continues to divide when dense compact and or there is not growth factor present |
| Carbohydrates | primary source of fuel for cellular respiration. They're also used to store energy for short periods of time, can also be structural material for plants. |
| Carbon Cycle | the recycling of carbon through photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition in living things in an ecosystem |
| Carnivores | eat only other consumers |
| Carrying Capacity | Maximum population size that can be supported by available resources |
| Catalyst | substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction or allows a chemical reaction to occur (activate at a lower than normal temperature) but is not used in the reaction |
| Cell cycle | an ordered sequence of events that extends from the time a eukaryotic cell is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells |
| Cell Division | process by which the fertilized egg gives rise to a large number of cells |
| Cell Membrane | cell structure that encloses the cell and regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its environment; the cell membrane also aids in protection and support of the cell |
| Cell plate | forms midway between divided nuclei with gradually develops into a separate membrane in plant cells |
| Cell theory | all living things are made of 1+ cells,cells are the basic units living things, and all presently existing cells are from pre existing cells |
| Cell wall | cell structure that surrounds the cell membrane for protection and support in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists, and allow for specific substances to pass in and out of the cell |
| Cellular Respiration | converts chemical energy in nutrients to chemical energy stored in ATP. |
| Centromere | the region of a chromosome where two sister chromatids are joined and where spindle microtubules attach during mitosis and meiosis. The centromere divides at the onset of anaphase during mitosis and anaphase2during meiosis |
| Check point | critical point in cell cycle where stop and go signals can regulate the cycle |
| Chemical control system | drives cell cycle, trigger and coordinates key events, regulated at certain check points |
| Chlorophyll | pigment which absorbs energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar through the process of photosynthesis |
| Chloroplast | only found in plants, chlorophyll uses energy from sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar through photosynthesis |
| Chromatid | one half of a chromosome |
| Chromosomal Mutations | mutations that affect a group of genes or an entire chromosome |
| Chromosome theory of inheritance | genes are located on chromosomes & the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns |
| Chromosome | structure in the nucleus of a cell consisting of one long thread of DNA that is tightly coiled |
| Cilia | short hair like projections responsible for the movement of animal cells or protists |
| Circle graph/pie graph | graph that shows a relationship among parts of a whole |
| Cleavage furrow | eventually pinches cell into two nearly equal parts and with own nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles in animal cells |
| Climax community | mature community |
| Cloning | genetic engineering in which an identical copy of gene or an entire organism is produced |
| Codminance | both alleles for a gene are expressed completely (e.g. paint horse) |
| Codon | three base nucleotide sequence that specifies a particular amino acid in a chain that will build a protein |
| Codon | three base nucleotide sequence on the mRNA , specifies a particular amino acid that will be placed in the chain to build the protein molecule |
| Coevolution | When two or more species living in close proximity change in response to each other. |
| Combustion | wood or fossil fuels are burned, carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere |
| Commensalism | symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is not affected |
| Competition | relationship that occurs when two or more organisms need same resource at same time |
| Complementary Bases | bases that bond; G to C and T to A (DNA); G to C and U to A (RNA) |
| Concentration gradient | molecule move from area of high concentration to low concentration |
| Constant | a variable that never changes I.e. volume of container |
| Consumers | rely on other organisms to get energy (via eating) |
| Contractile Proteins | help control movement |
| Control group | a basis of comparison to test whether the effects on the dependent variable came from the independent variable or some other source |
| Controlled scientific investigation | an investigation performed under manipulated or restrained conditions |
| Controlled variables | the variables which are held constant |
| Convergent Evolution | Evolution among different groups of organisms living in similar environments produces species that are similar in appearance and behavior. |
| credible scientific research | scientific investigations published in journals that are reviewed by a panel of respected research scientists active in the field of science being studied |
| Crossing Over | an exchange of chromosomal genetic material between pairs |
| Crossing-over | process in which alleles in close proximity to each other on homologous chromosomes are exchanged |
| Cytokinesis | occurs and the end of telophase and is the division of the cytoplasm into two individual daughter cells |
| Cytoplasm | semi fluid material with molecules and organelles exclusive of the nucleus bound by cell membrane |
| Cytoplasm | is the semi fluid material inside the cell containing molecules and the organelles, exclusive of the nucleus; is bound by the cell membrane |
| Dark (light independent reactions) | energy stored in ATP and NADPH is used to produce simple sugars from carbon dioxide. These simple sugars are used to store chemical energy for use by cells at later times |
| Data | information that explains the relationship between the independent and dependent variables |
| Decomposers | feed from dead things;break down the complex organic compounds |
| Decomposition | when organisms die, decomposers break down carbon compounds which both enrich the soil or aquatic sediments and are eventually released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide; the concept applies again for the nitrogen cycle |
| Deforestation | Cutting down of forests leading to increased erosion and slower soil regeneration. |
| Denitrification | denitrifying bacteria break down the nitrogen compounds in the soil and release elemental nitrogen, N2, into the atmosphere |
| Density dependent | limiting factors that operate more strongly on large populations than on small ones |
| Density independent | limiting factors that are density independent are those that occur regardless of population size and reduce the size of all populations in the area in which they occur by same proportion: mostly abiotic, human activities, and natural disasters |
| Deoxyribose | dna pentose sugar |
| dependent variable | the variable that changes in an investigation in response to changes in the independent variable |
| Deposition | dropping and replenishment if soil in an area |
| Detritivore | a heterotroph that decomposes organic material and returns the nutrients to soil, water, and air making the nutrients available to other organisms |
| Differentiation | when the cells become specialized in structure and function |
| Diffusion | spreading out of molecule through cell membrane until equally concentrated |
| Dihybrid cross | an experimental mating of individuals differing at two genetic loci |
| Dimensional analysis | conversion that changes the unit of measurement, but not the value |
| Diploid | containing two sets of chromosomes, one set from each parent, 2n. |
| Direct variations | one variable increases as the other increases or as one variable decreases as the other decreases |
| DNA Replication | replication of DNA carried out by a series of enzymes |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid,double helix, provides the blueprint for the synthesis of proteins the the arrangement of nitrogenous bases |
| Dominant traits | traits that are often expressed and have a noticeable effect |
| Ecological niche | role of organism in its environment including type of food it eats, how it obtains food, and how it interacts with other organisms |
| Ecological pyramids | models that show how energy flows through ecosystems |
| Ecological succession | series of changes in ecosystem when one community is replaced by another community as a result of changes in abiotic and biotic factors |
| Ecosystem | community(all organisms in a given area) and abiotic factors that affect them |
| electron transport chain | a series of chemical reactions ending with hydrogen combining with oxygen to form water creating a charge to power atp synthase |
| Elimination | most organisms need water to assist with the elimination of waste products |
| Embryology | the study of the embryonic development of orgamisms. |
| Endocytosis | the movement of materials into the cytoplasm of a cell via membranous vesicles or vacuoles |
| Endoplasmic Reticulium | is a complex, extensive network that transports material throughout |
| Energy pyramid | a pyramid that represents the energy at each trophic level |
| Enzymatic Proteins | accelerate the speed of chemical reactions |
| Enzyme | proteins which serve as catalysts in living organisms |
| Eukaryotic cells | DNA organized into chromosomes, chromosomes separated by cytoplasm in nuclear membrane |
| Exocytosis | the movement of materials out of the cytoplasm of a cell via membranous vesicles or vacuoles |
| Extinction | The elimination of a species often occurring when a species as a whole cannot adapt to a change in its environment (gradual extinction and mass extinction). |
| F1 generation | offspring of the P generation |
| F2 generation | offspring of the F1 generation |
| Facilitated diffusion (transport) | some substances that are not able to pass directly through the cell membrane are able to pass into a cell with the aid of transport proteins, occurs along concentration gradient and doesn't require energy from cell |
| Fats/Lipids | molecule that stores energy |
| Favorable Traits | Traits that enhance an organism's reproductive success. |
| Fermentation | an anaerobic process. It isn't efficient though because it make a far fewer ATP molecules than does aerobic respiration |
| Fertilization | when sperm and egg unite |
| Field of Anatomy | study of structures of organisms |
| Field of Biochemistry | study of chemical processes in organisms (DNA) |
| Field of Embryology | study of the embryonic development of organisms |
| Field of Paleontology | study of prehistoric life (fossil records) |
| Fitness | measurement of how a particular trait contributes to reproductive success in a given environment and results from adaptations |
| Flagella | long whip- like projections responsible for movement of some animal cells, bacteria, or protists |
| Food chain/web | simplest path energy takes through an ecosystem |
| Food webs | interdependent and complex food chains |
| formula | used to solve for one variable if given the value for the other variables |
| G1 phase | the cell grows and synthesizes proteins |
| G2 | cells continue to grow and produce the proteins necessary for cell division |
| Gene Flow | The movement of genes into or out of a population. |
| Gene linkage | genes that are located on the same chromosome will be inherited together...travel together during gamete formation |
| Gene Map | that which shows the relative location of each known gene on a chromosome |
| Gene Mutations | mutations that affect a single gene |
| Gene Pool | All genes, including all the different alleles, of all the individuals in a population. |
| Gene therapy | genetic engineering in which scientists insert a normal gene into an absent or abnormal gene to eliminate a genetic disorder |
| Gene | a specific location on a chromosome, consisting of a segment of DNA, that codes for a particular protein |
| Genetic code | "code of life" because it contains the code for each protein the organism needs |
| Genetic disorder | disease or disorder that are caused by a mutation on a gene (e.g. Down Syndrome, etc.) |
| Genetic drift | change in frequency of alleles over time in population |
| Genetic drift | is the random change in frequency of alleles of a population over time. |
| Genetic Drift | The random change in frequency of alleles of a population over time. |
| Genetic engineering | the process of replacing specific genes in an organism in order to ensure that the organism expresses a desired trait |
| Genetic Engineering | the process of replacing specific genes in an organism in order to ensure that the organism expresses a desired trait |
| Genetic equilibrium | when there is no change in the allele frequencies of a population |
| Genetic variation | is random and ensures that each new generation results in individual with unique genotypes and phenotypes. This leads to biological evolution. |
| Genetics | the study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organism |
| Genome | all the genetic material in an organism |
| Genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism |
| Geochemical Cycles | movement of a particular form of matter through a living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem |
| Geosphere | the soils of Earth |
| Glucose | simple sugar, formed in photosynthesis |
| Glycolysis | a process where glucose is turned into pyruvate and ATP |
| Golgi apparatus | modifies, collects, packages, and distributes molecules within the cell or outside the cell |
| Gradual extinction | Extinction usually occurring at a slow rate and may be due to other organisms, changes in climate, or natural disasters. Occurs at approximately the same rate as speciation. |
| Gradulaism | Gradual changes of a species in a particular way over long periods of time, such as a gradual trend toward larger or smaller body size. |
| graphs | used to analyze and interpret data to determine a relationship between the dependent and independent variables |
| Greenhouse Gases | (like carbon dioxide, oxygen, methane, and water vapor) trap heat energy and maintain Earth’s temperature range |
| Haploid | containing only one of each of chromosome (egg and sperm cells), n |
| Hardy-Weinberg Principle | The concept that describes when a population is in genetic equilibrium (no change in allele frequencies within a species). |
| Herbivore | an organism that eats plants |
| Heterotrophs | an organism that get energy from eating autotrophs |
| Heterozygous | two different alleles for a trait (Pp) |
| Homeostasis | necessity of an organism to maintain stable and constant internal conditions |
| Homologous structures | similar characteristics resulting from common ancestry. |
| Homologous | chromosome pair consisting of two chromosomes containing same types of genes |
| Homozygous | when an organism has two identical alleles for a particular trait |
| Hormone Proteins | coordinate body activities |
| Hybridization | a form of selective breeding in which organisms that show strong expression for two different traits are chosen and bred to produce offspring that express both traits |
| Hydrologic Cycle | Maintained by the energy of the sun and the effect of weather. This purifies water. |
| Hypothesis | a prediction about the relationship between an independent and dependent variable with all other variables being held constant |
| Pioneer species: species that begin primary succession, lichens, grasses, and some mosses | |
| Inbreeding | crossing individuals who are closely related |
| Incomplete dominance | 1 allele is not completely dominant over another (e.g. white mouse+black mouse=gray mouse) |
| independent variable | the variable that the experimenter deliberately changes or manipulates in an investigation |
| Inherited traits | the passed down variations from parents to offspring. |
| Internal signals | cell sensing presence of chemicals inside cell |
| Interphase | beginning of Meiosis I and mitosis. Cells get bigger, produce RNA, synthesize proteins, and replicate DNA |
| inverse variation (or proportion) | a variation in which the product of two quantities is a constant |
| Investigations | The testing of a hypothesis in order to form a logical conclusion based on gathered information |
| Isolation | Organisms are prevented from reproducing with the original population (behavioral, temporal, geographic). |
| Krebs Cycle | citric acid cycle |
| Laboratory apparatus | equipment used in a scientific experiment |
| Lactic acid fermentation | occurs when no oxygen is available and the pyramid acid formed during glycolysis is broken down into lactic acid and in the process energy is released |
| Law of Dominance | states that some alleles are dominant whereas others are recessive |
| Law of Independent Assortment | segregation of the alleles of one trait does not affect the segregation of the alleles of another trait |
| Law of Segregation | each gamete receives one of the two alleles that the parent carries for each trait |
| Light-dependent reactions | solars energy is absorbed by chloroplasts and two energy storing molecules (ATP and NADPH) are produced |
| Line graph | graph used for continuous quantitative data |
| Linked genes | genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together |
| Lipids | AKA fats, They store energy long term, cushion vital organs and insulate the body. They're also major components in the cell membrane and a raw material in producing vitamins and hormones |
| Lysosomes | enzymes digest materials very well |
| Lysosomes | contain chemicals called enzymes necessary for digesting certain materials in the cell |
| Macroevolution | biological evolution on a large scale affecting changes in species across populations. |
| Malignant tumor | mass of cancer cells that invades and impair the functions of 1+ organs |
| Mass extinction | Extinction that usually occurs when a catastrophic event changes the environment very suddenly. Often impossible for a species to adapt to rapid and extreme environmental changes. |
| Meiosis 1 | results in two diploid daughter cells |
| Meiosis 2 | results in four haploid daughter cells called gametes |
| Meiosis | division resulting in a reduction in chromosome number. Used for sex cells. |
| Messenger RNA | a single stranded molecule of RNA that peels away from the DNA strands rejoin |
| Metaphase I | the chromosomes are attached to the spindle fibres at the centromere and are pulled into the midline or equator of the cell in pairs |
| Metaphase II | chromosomes made up of two sister chromatids line up across the centre of the cell; spindle fibres from the opposite poles of the cell attach to one of each pair of chromatids |
| Metaphase | chromosomes line up across middle of cell, spindle fiber connect the centromere of each sister chromatid to the poles |
| Metric units | units of measurement based on the metric system |
| Microevolution | biological evolution that occurs on a small scale effecting a single population |
| Mitochondria | sites of cellular respiration |
| Mitosis | the division of a single nucleus into two genetically identical daughter nuclei. Mitosis and cytokinesis make up the mitotic (m) phase of the cell cycle |
| Models | how a concept or system is represented so that the concept may be more easily understood and predictions can be made |
| Monohybrid cross | examines the inheritance of one trait |
| Monosaccharides | basic carbohydrates are simple sugars |
| Multicellular organism | each cell carries on most of the major functions of life |
| Multiple alleles | exist for a particular trait even though only two alleles are inherited (blood type) |
| Mutagen | a physical or chemical agent whose exposure causes a mutation |
| Mutation | the alteration of an organism's DNA |
| Mutualism | symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit |
| Natural selection | allows for the most favorable phenotypes to survive and thus be passed on to future generations. |
| Niche | role of an organism in its environment |
| Nitrogen cycle | recycling nitrogen from one form to the other in the following processes: nitrogen fixation, intake of nitrogen into the organisms, decomposition, denitrification. |
| Nitrogenous Base | part of a nucleotide; cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine (DNA only) and uracil (RNA only) |
| Non-random mating | mating that isn't random (limits the frequency of the expression of certain alleles) |
| Nondisjunction | an accident of meiosis or mitosis in which a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate at anaphase |
| Nonrenewable Resources | resources that cannot be replenished at the same rate way which they are consumed |
| Nuclear membrane (a.k.a. Nuclear envelope) | surrounds nucleus, regulates passage of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm |
| Nucleic acid | organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activity |
| Nucleic Acids | DNA or RNA that carry the code for the synthesis of the organism's proteins. |
| Nucleotides | small units making up DNA and RNA. Made of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. |
| Nucleus | contains the chromosomes which are composed of DNA; functions in the genetic control of the cell |
| Number pyramid | a pyramid that represents the number of organisms at each trophic level |
| Omnivore | an organism that eat animal and plants |
| Organelle | cell structure with specialized function within a eukaryotic cell |
| Organic molecules | molecules with carbon |
| Osmosis | diffusion of water molecule through selectively permeable membrane from area of greater concentration of water to lesser |
| Overproduction of offspring | ability of population to have many offspring raises the chance that some will survive but also increases the competition for resources |
| Ozone Layer | the layer in the atmosphere that contains oxygen that prevents the Sun’s ultraviolet radiation from reaching Earth’s surface and protects the biosphere from the harmful radiation |
| P generation | parent generation |
| Parasitism | symbiotic relationship in which one organism (the parasite) benefits at the expense of the other organism (the host) |
| Passive transport | process by which substances move across a cell membrane but do not require energy from the cell, types of passive transport; diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion |
| Pedigree | a chart constructed to show an inheritance pattern (trait, disease, disorder) within a family through multiple generations |
| Peptide bond | bond formed between amino acids by ribosome |
| Ph | measure of acidity |
| Phenotype | the expressed traits of an organism |
| Photosynthesis | overall process by which sunlight (solar energy) chemically converts water and carbon dioxide into chemical energy stored in simple sugars |
| Phylogenetic tree | diagram that represents the phylogeny of organisms |
| Phylogeny | evolutionary history of a species. |
| Polygenic traits | traits that are controlled by two or more genes(skin color) |
| Population Density | measures the number of individual organisms living in a defined space |
| Population Growth | Affected by food/water shortages, pollution, and disease. Can affect amount of clean water, waste, and fertile soil. |
| Population | group of organisms belonging to the same species that live in a particular area |
| Precision | a measure of the degree to which measurements made in the same way agree with one another |
| Predation | interaction between species during which one species eats the another |
| Primary Consumers | Organisms that feed directly from producers |
| Primary producers | are things like green plants and autotrophs. They capture the sun's energy during photosynthesis and is converted to chemical energy in the form of simple sugars |
| Primary Succession | occurs in an area that has not previously been inhabited (ex. bare rock surfaces from recent volcanic lava flows, rock faces that have been scraped clean by glaciers, or a city street) |
| Principle of Dominance | some alleles are dominant wheras others are recessive |
| Producers | manufacture their own food source directly from sunlight by photosynthesis |
| Products | what is yielded in an equation. |
| Prokaryotic cells | no true nucleus; the DNA in prokaryotic cells is not completely separated from the rest of the cell by a nuclear membrane and is not arranged in strands called chromosomes |
| Prophase I | nuclear membrane breaks down, centrioles separate from each other and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus and begin to produce spindle fibers. Chromosomes pair up and become visible as a cluster of four chromatids (tetrad). |
| Prophase II | spindle fibres form in each of the daughter cells from meiosis I and attaches to the centromeres of the sister chromatids; the chromosomes progress towards the midline of each cell; the nuclear membrane breaks down |
| Prophase | chromosomes condense and are more visible. The nuclear membrane (envelope) disappears |
| Protein synthesis | process through which a cell makes a particular protein |
| Proteins | involved in almost every function in the human body they are both building blocks and sources of energy, but are more important as building blocks. There are structural proteins, transport proteins, hormone proteins, contractile and enzymic proteins. |
| Punctuated equilibrium | Periods of abrupt changes in a species after long periods of little change within the species over time, such as a sudden change in species size or shape due to environmental factors. |
| Punnett Square | a diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the results of random fertilization |
| Pyramid of Numbers | due to the decrease in energy as you increase in tropic levels, there are subsequently less organisms higher in the food chain |
| Pyruvic acid | formed in glycolysis travels to the mitochondria where it is chemically transformed in a series of steps, releasing carbon dioxide, water, and energy (which is used to form 2 ATP molecules) |
| Reactants | what reacts in an equation, on left sign of yield sign. |
| Recessive traits | traits that are not expressed or has no noticeable effect |
| Renewable Resources | Can be produced at roughly the same rate that they are consumed |
| Respiration | all organisms metabolize food for energy and produce water as a by-product |
| Ribose | RNA pentose sugar |
| Ribosomes | are the sites of protein synthesis; some are located on the ER others are found in the cytoplasm |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid. Single stranded genetic information. |
| Rough ER | has ribosomes attached to the surface is ribosome studded |
| S phase | chromosomes replicate and divide to form identical sister chromatids held together by a centromere |
| Safety Procedures | General guidelines to ensure the safety of all individuals participating in the study |
| Sample | your lines should look like this with the number sign separating the word and the definition |
| Science | a process of inquiry that searches for relationships that explain and predict the physical, living, and designed world |
| Scientific Investigation | Process followed to determine the relationship between an independent and dependent variable described by a hypothesis, results can advance science knowledge |
| Scientific model | an idealized description of how phenomena occur and how data or events are related |
| Secondary consumers | organisms that feed on primary consumers |
| Secondary Succession | begins in an area where there was a pure existing community and well-formed soil (ex. abandoned farmland, vacant lots, clear-cut forest areas, or open areas produced by forest fires) |
| Selective Breeding | the method of artificially selecting and breeding only organisms with a desired trait to produce the next generation |
| Semipermeable | some substances can pass directly through the cell membrane by passive or active transport |
| Sex chromosomes | a pair of chromosomes that determines the sex of an organism |
| Sex linked traits | the result of genes that are carried on either the X or Y chromosome |
| Sexual Reproduction | The process of using meiosis to create gametes. |
| Smooth ER | ER with no attached ribosomes |
| Soil erosion | natural processes that move soil from one location to another due to water, wind, ice, and other agents. |
| Soils | Made of inorganic materials, organic matter, water, and air |
| Speciation | is the process of forming of a new species by biological evolution from a preexisting species. Isolation, Temporal, behavioral, geographic increase differences. |
| Species | a group of organisms that share similar characteristics and can be interbred with one another to produce fertile offspring. |
| Stable ecosystem | ecosystem where the population numbers of each organism fluctuates at predictable rate, supply of resources in physical environment fluctuates at predictable rate, and energy flows through the ecosystem at constant rate over time |
| Stem Cells | undifferentiated cells hat have the potential to become specialized in structure or function |
| Stop codon | signals the end of protein synthesis |
| Structural Proteins | used for support such as connective tissue and keratin that forms hair and finger nails |
| Sustainability | a species' ability to survive indefinitely |
| Symbiotic relationships | relationship that exists between organism of two different species that live together in direct contact; includes commensalism, parasitism, and mutualism |
| Taxa | branch of a phylogenetic tree |
| technological design | produced by the application of scientific knowledge to meet specific needs of humans; four stages: problem identification, solution design, implementation, evaluation |
| Technology | Applying scientific knowledge in order to either find solutions or develop products to help meet the needs of humans |
| Telophase I | chromosomes gather at the poles, nuclear membrane may form, and the cytoplasm divides |
| Telophase II | nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes |
| Telophase | the last phase of mitosis. Chromosomes uncoil. A nuclear envelope forms around the chromosomes at each pole of the cell. Spindle fibers break down and dissolve |
| Tertiary Consumer | eat secondary consumers |
| Tetrad | cluster of four chromatids |
| Thermal energy | HEAT |
| Transcription | the process by which a portion of the molecule of DNA is copied into a complementary strand of RNA |
| Transfer RNA | vital in assembling amino acids into the correct sequence for the required protein by transferring amino acids to ribosomes when needed |
| Transitional fossils | fossils that show links in traits between groups of organisms used to document intermediate stages in the evolution of a species. |
| Translation | process of interpreting the genetic message and building the protein |
| Transpiration | plants release water back into the atmosphere through evaporative loss of water from plants |
| Trisomy | 3 copies of a single gene (e.g. Down Syndrome) |
| Trophic level | each level in the transfer of energy through an ecosystem |
| Unicellular organism | made of one cell, all life activities occur within |
| Vacuoles | store water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates etc., if present in animals smaller than those in plant cells |
| Vesicle | a small transport organelle in a cell made of membrane |
| Vestigial organs | structures with little or no function to the organism. |
| Water Cycle | driven by the Sun’s heat energy, which causes water to evaporate from water reservoirs on earth and from organisms |
| Weathering of carbonate rocks | bones and shells fall to the bottom of oceans or lakes and are incorporated into sedimentary rocks like calcium carbonate |
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