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Nissing AP Ch3
A&P Ch3 Cellular Level of Organization (CELL)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| If you see errors or problems in this Stack, what should you do? | Email me at Totallyjen@gmail.com and tell me what I need to fix! Thank you! |
| The smallest living units in the human body are called... | Cells |
| Term meaning the study of cellular structure and function | cytology |
| Term integrating cytology, biology, chemistry, and physics | Cell biology |
| What are the two general classes of human body cells? | Sex/germ/reproductive cells and somatic/body cells |
| What are the male and female sex cells called? | Sperm and oocyte |
| What is the outer boundary of a human cell called? | Plasma membrane or cell membrane |
| Give the 4 general functions of the cell membrane | Physical isolation, regulation or exchange with environment, sensitivity to environment, structural support |
| Making up only 40% of the weight of a plasma membrane, these form most of its surface | lipids, specifically phospholipid bilayer |
| What is the watery medium called that surrounds cells? | Extracellular fluid or interstitial fluid |
| Two of these are at right angles inside the centrosome. They are essential to chromosome movement during cell division | Centrioles |
| this is made of proteins organized in microfilaments or microtubles to provide strength, support, and movement of structures and materials | Cytoskeleton |
| This is a lipid bilayer containing phospholipids, steroids, proteins and carbs. | Plasma membrane |
| These are membrane extensions containing microfilaments that increase the surface area of the cell, facilitating absorption | Microvilli |
| Present on some cells, these are long extensions containing microtuble doublets that facilitate movement of materials over cell | Cilia |
| These are hollow cylinders of proteolytic enzymes with regulatory proteins at their ends. | Proteasomes |
| Term meaning breakdown and recycling of damaged or abnormal proteins | Proteolytic, proteolysis |
| These are RNA and proteins that float free in cytoplasm or bind to rough ER. They synthesize protein. | Ribosomes |
| These vesicles contain digestive enzymes and they remove damaged organelles or pathogens | Lysosomes (Lysis = break down) |
| This is a stack of flattened cisternae containing chambers for storage, alteration, and packaging of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes | Golgi apparatus |
| This is a network of membranous channels extending through cytoplasm to synthesize secretory products, store and transport within the cell | Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
| This is the powerhouse of the cell, producing ATP within its double cristae of metabolic enzymes | Mitochondria |
| This controls metabolism, storage, and processing of genetic information, and it controls protein synthesis | Nucleus |
| Term meaning increase in size | Growth |
| Term means production of more organisms organized like the original organism, refers to an increase in numbers | Reproduction |
| The ability to change internal and/or external properties in reaction to changing conditions, possibly move toward or away from stimulus | Responsiveness |
| Ability to move toward or away from environmental stimuli | Taxis |
| Ability of organisms to take nutrients from outside of themselves and use them in a series of controlled chemical reactions to provide energy | Metabolism |
| Name of chemical bonds in which metabolic energy is stored | Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP) |
| Membrane extensions containing microfilaments that increase surface area of a cell to facilitate absorption | microvilli |
| 9 microtubule triplets in a 9+0 array essential for movement of chromosomes in cell division and organization of mocrotubules in cytoskeleton | 2 centrioles in a centrosome |
| Proteins organized in fine filiments or slender tubes for strength, support, and movement of cellular structures and materials | Cytoskeleton |
| What is the plasma membrane made up of? | lipid bilayer continaining phospholipids, steroids, proteins, and carbohydrates |
| Liquid component to interior of cells that distributes materials by diffusion | cytosol |
| extensions containing microtubule doubles in 9+2 array that help move material over a cell's surface | Cilia |
| Hollow cylinders of proteolytic enzymes with regulatory proteins at their ends that break down and recycle damaged or abnormal intracellular proteins | Proteasomes |
| RNA + proteins that function in protein synthesis | Ribosomes |
| Membranous vesicles containing degradative enzyme that catabolize organic compounds and neutralize toxic compounds in the process | Peroxisomes (peroxide neutralizers) |
| Membrane bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes to remove damaged organelles or pathogens | Lysosomes |
| Membrane bound vesicle that stores, alters, and packages secretory products and lysosomal enzymes | Golgi apparatus |
| Organelle made up of cisternae | Golgi apparatus (cisternae is the stacks of flattened membranous chambers) |
| Organelle made up of cristae | Mitochondria (cristae are the inner membrane folds) |
| Organelle responsible for 95% of ATP production | Mitochondria |
| Network of membranous channels that modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins | Rough ER |
| Network of membranous channels that synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates | Smooth ER |
| Site of rRNA synthesis and assembly of ribosomal subunits | Nucleolus |
| Organelle in control of metabolism | nucleus |
| Two double membraned organelles | Nucleus and Mitochondria |
| Proteins that are part of the membrane structure that cannot be removed without damaging or destroying the membrane, usually transmembranous | Integral proteins |
| Proteins that are bound to the inner or outer surface of the membrane and are easily separated from it | Peripheral proteins |
| These membrane proteins attach the plasma membrane to other structures and stabilize its position to cytoskeleton or another cell | Anchoring proteins |
| These membrane proteins mark a cell as either normal or abnormal for the immune system | recognition proteins or identifiers |
| These membrane proteins may be integral or peripheral, and they catalyze reactions in the intra- or extra- cellular fluid | Enzymes |
| This extracellular particle will bind to an appropriate receptor, which may trigger changes in the cell activity | Ligands |
| These peripheral membrane proteins are sensitive to the presence of special extracellular molecules called ligands | Receptor proteins |
| These membrane proteins bind solutes and transport them across the plasma membrane, possibly with ATP | Carrier proteins |
| These membrane proteins are integral and contain a central pore for passage across the plasma membrane | Chanel proteins |
| Some substances that require a channel protein | ions, water and small solutes, water soluble materials (polar) |
| Functions of the glycocalyx | Lubrication, anchoring and locomotion, specificity in binding, recognition as self |
| Cytoplasm contains these two things... | Cytosol (intracellular fluid) and organelles |
| Masses of insoluble materials in the cytosol | inclusions |
| Internal protein framework giving cytoplasm strength and flexibility | cytoskeleton |
| Which type of cells has thick filaments? | muscle cells |
| Name a couple of things attached to microfilaments and microtubules of cytoskeleton | Ribosomes and RNA responsible for protein synthesis. Many intracellular enzymes especially those involved with metabolism and energy production. |
| Typical microfilaments are composed of... | the protein ACTIN |
| Where are microfilaments in the cell | the periphery, not near the nucleus |
| What is the name of the microfilament layer present in cells that form a layer or lining? | terminal web |
| Actin can interact with this protein to produce movement and change the shape of a cell | myosin |
| Name a couple functions of microtubules | Strength/rigidity, monorail system, form spindle apparatus, form centrioles and cilia |
| Small finger shaped projections of the plasma membrane on surface of some cells | Microvilli |
| Purpose of microvilli | Greatly increase surface area of cell exposed to extracellular environment |
| Describe the organization of centrioles | Nine triplets connected by their sides with no central microtubules, called a 9+0 array |
| Mature red blood cells, skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells, and typical neurons cannot divide. Why? | They have no centrioles |
| Fairly long slender extensions of the plasma membrane found on cells lining respiratory and reproductive tracts | cilia |
| Describe the organization of microtubules in the cilia | Nine pairs of microtubules surround a central pair, called a 9+2 array |
| In the basal body of cilia, what is the organization of microtubules? | Nine triplets connected by their sides with no central microtubules, called a 9+0 array |
| Name one place where ciliated cells create movement | In the trachea moving mucus, in the uterine tubes moving oocytes, in the testes moving sperm |
| Proteins are produced within cells using info from the DNA. The organelles responsible for protein synthesis are called... | ribosomes |
| Ribosomal units are made up of... | 60% rRNA and 40% protein |
| Before protein synthesis can begin, a small and large ribosomal subunit must join together with... | a strand of mRNA |
| What do free ribosomes do with the protein they produce? | They scatter it through the cytosol as they move through the cytoplasm |
| What do fixed ribosomes do with the protein they synthesize? | It enters the ER where it is modified and packaged for secretion |
| Organelles that remove proteins from cytoplasm using an assortment of proteases | Proteasomes |
| These "tag" a protein destined for recycling | Cytoplasmic enzymes, using ubiquitin |
| Which organelle is connected to the nuclear envelope | Endoplasmic reticulum |
| What is synthesized in the smooth ER? | Lipids: Phospholipids and cholesteral for use in cellular membranes. Steroid hormones like androgens and estrogens. Glycerides. Glycogen in skeletal muscle and liver cells |
| In some cells, like muscle and neural cells, the SER adjusts the composition of the cytosol by... | absorbing and storing ions such as Ca2+ |
| This part of the ER can absorb drugs or toxins and neutralize them with enzymes within it | Smooth |
| The ER forms hollow tubes, flattened sheets, and chambers called... | cisternae |
| membrane bound organelle that breaks down molecules and organelles with powerful, but dangerous, enzymes | Lysosomes |
| Where are lysosomes produced? | the Golgi apparatus |
| The process of endocytosis creates a vesicle called an... | endosome |
| Inactive cells are destroyed by lysosomes disintegrating, releasing enzymes which become activated in cytosol. This process is called... | autolysis |
| Conditions affecting children who lack lysosomal enzymes and waste products build up, eventually killing the victim | Lysosomal storage disease |
| These organelles are produced by growth and division of others that already exist, and contain enzymes produced at ribosomes that are carried to them by carrier proteins | Peroxisomes |
| What do peroxisomes break down? | Fatty acids and other organic compounds, and the H2O2 they produce |
| What enzyme in peroxisomes breaks down hydrogen peroxide? | Catalase turns it into oxygen and water |
| Name for the continuous movement and change of the nuclear envelope, ER, vesicles, golgi, and plasma membrane | membrane flow |
| These membranous folds increase the surface area exposed to the fluid contents, or matrix, of mitochondria. | Cristae |
| The first step in ATP production occurs in the cytoplasm, and is a process called | glycolysis |
| Glycolysis breaks glucose down into two molecules of... | pyruvate |
| Inside the mitochondrial matrix, a CO2 molecule is removed from pyruvate, which then enters this cycle | Citric acid cycle, or Krebs cycle |
| What are the byproducts of Krebs cycle? | carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. The carbon and oxygen diffuse out of the cell in the form of Carbon Dioxide, the hydrogen ultimately bonds to Oxygen |
| Why is the prodeuction of ATP considered aerobic metabolism, or cellular respiration? | Because oxygen is required |
| How is the 5% of energy NOT created by mitochondria produced? | Enzymatic reactions in the cytoplasm |
| Largest and most conspicuous structure in the cell | Nucleus |
| The two layers of the nuclear membrane are separated by a narrow... | perinuclear space |
| Transient nuclear organelles that synthesize ribosomal RNA | Nucleoli |
| What are nucleoli composed of? | RNA, enzymes, and histones |
| What types of cells would you find the most nucleoli? | Those that manufacture large amounts of proteins, such as the liver, nerve, and muscle cells. |
| What determines the information available to the cell at any moment? | Interaction between the DNA and the histones |
| DNA strands wound loosely around a histone form a tangle of filaments called... | Chromatin |
| DNA strands coiled tightly around histones form distinct structures called... | Chromosomes |
| Name the chemical language the cell uses to build proteins and inherited information | genetic code |
| The genetic code has this title because a sequence of three nitrogenous bases specifies the identity of a single amino acid | Triplet code |
| The functional unit of heredity | Gene |
| Factors controlling gene activation | Gene must uncoil, histones must be removed |
| Name the gene that has the signal "read me", "don't read me" or "start" | Promoter |
| Each gene ends with what signal? | STOP codon |
| What starts gene activation? | Complementary strands separate and histone is removed |
| The first start of transcription (RNA synthesis) involves the promoter gene binding with this enzyme | RNA polymerase |
| What do we call a three-base mRNA sequence that contain nitrogenous bases complementary to the template strand | Codon |
| Each gene has some nonfunctional triplets that need to be removed from the pre-mRNA. Name the parts that are removed and the parts kept. | Remove introns, keep exons and splice them together |
| The formation of a linear chain of amino acids using the information provided by an mRNA strand | translation |
| what is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA) | Bind to and deliver a specific type of amino acid |
| What is the numerical relationship between nitrogenous bases and amino acids? | One amino acid has 3 nitrogenous bases, or 3 nucleotides |
| Gene activation or diactivation is triggered by changes in the... | surrounding cytoplasm |
| property of plasma to determine what can pass | permeability |
| Levels of permeability | Freely, selectively, or impermeable |
| Net movement from higher to lower concentration | diffusion |
| Difference between concentrations or potential energy | Gradient |
| Some factors that influence (increase) diffusion rates | Distance to travel (shorter), size of molecule (smaller), temperature (higher), concentration gradient (larger), electrical forces (opposite) |
| Another name for passive channels | leak channels |
| term for diffusion of water | osmosis |
| Three requirements of osmosis | 1) membrane selectively permeable to solutes 2) membrane freely permeable to water 3) from lower to higher solute concentration |
| Indication of the force with which pure water moves into a solution as a result of its solute concentration | osmotic pressure |
| Opposing pressure that can prevent osmotic flow of water into a solution or measure osmotic pressure | hydrostatic pressure |
| Which eliminates solute concentration differences more readily, osmosis or solute diffusion? | Osmosis |
| Term meaning total solute concentration in an aqueous solution | Osmolarity or osmotic concentration |
| Description of how solutes affect a cell | tonicity |
| Salt concentration of isotonic solution | 0.9% (Normal Saline) |
| red blood cell bursting | hemolysis |
| Purpose of dextran | Draw fluid into vessels from extracellular fluid to increase blood volume |
| Always an active process, this method of transport involves movement of materials within small membranous sacs | vesicular transport, or bulk transport, or endocytosis and exocytosis |
| Carrier mediated transport forms all have these characteristics: | Specificity, saturation limits, regulation (presence of cofactors) **Notice the similarity to enzyme characteristics |
| Transport by carrier of two substances simultaneously in the same direction | cotransport |
| Transport by carrier of two substances simultaneously in the opposite direction | Countertransport or antiport |
| Inadequate production of insulin | diabetes mellitus |
| What provides energy for active transport? | ATP |
| All cells contain these carrier proteins which transport cations and sometimes anions across their membranes | ion pumps or exchange pumps |
| A fancy ion pump that fixes the NA coming in and the K going out through diffusion across leak channels | Sodium Potassium Exchange |
| I stopped CH3 notes on p 96. This included mitosis, interphase, and cytokinesis. | I still hit the related clinical terms on p 103 |
| irreversible change in size and shape of tissue cells | anaplasia |
| reversible change in normal shape, size, and organization of tissue cells | dysplasia (dys=wrong plasia=growth) |
| increase in number of normal cells enlarging the tissue | hyperplasia (hyper=over plasia=growth) |
| increase in size of cells that enlarges tissue or organ | hypertrophy (hyper=over trophy=nourishment) |
| lipid sac enclosing water, often formed artificially for drugs | liposome |
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jenissing
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