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Abnorm Psych 1
Abnormal Psych Chapter 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Distress, Deviance, dysfunction, and danger | What are the 4 Ds the define psychological abnormality? |
| an unusual pattern with which others have no right to interfere; behavior is deviant, but may not be distressful or dysfunctional | What is eccentricity? |
| a sufferer, a trained, socially accepted healer, and a series of contacts between the healer and the sufferer | According to Jerome Frank, all forms of therapy have 3 key features: |
| good, evil, magical | Prehistoric societies viewed the human body and mind as a battleground between external forces of ___ & _____. They believed that all events around and within them resulted from the actions of _____ beings who controlled the world |
| Trephination | Dating back to the Stone Age: an operation in which a stone instrument, or trephine, was used to cut away a circular section of the skull; used to treat severe abnorm behavior |
| Hallucinations and melancholia (extreme sadness and immobility) | 2 things trephination was used for in the Stone Age: |
| exorcism | In early societies, the treatment for abnormalities was often _______ |
| Shaman | A _____, or priest, might perform an exorcism by reciting prayers, pleading w/ evil spirits, insulting them, performing magic, making loud noises, or having the person ingest bitter drinks |
| Hippocrates (500 B.C.-500 A.D.) | the father of modern medicine; taught that illnesses had a natural cause; saw abnormal behavior as a disease caused by internal phys. probs. (some brain disease), resulted in an imbalance of the 4 humors; shared by Plato and Aristotle |
| Humors | According to Hippocrates, the 4 fluids that flow through the body: yellow bile, black bile, blood, and phlegm |
| The Middle Ages (500-1350 A.D.) | During this time period, power of clergy increased greatly through Europe; church rejected scientific forms of investigation & controlled all edu.; behavior interpreted as conflict b/w good & evil/God & devil; deviant behavior seen as evidence of Satan |
| increased, mass madness, rid the body of the devil that possessed it | During the Middle Ages, abnorm behav. _____; there were outbreaks of ____ _______, in which large #s of people shared absurd false beliefs & imaged sights/sounds; key to cure was to _________. |
| Tarantism | form of mass madness in which groups of people would suddenly start to jump, dance, and go into convulsions; all were convinced they were bitten & possessed by a wolf spider and sought cure by performing the dance "tarantella" |
| Renaissance (1400-1700 A.D.) | In this time period demon. views of abnorm. declined; some thought the mind was as susceptible to illness as the body was; care of people w/ mental disorders improved in beginn., but declined by mid-16th cent.; creation of asylums |
| Private homes/community residences could only house small % of those w/ severe mental disorders & medical hospitals were too few and too small; overcrowding | Why did care improvements begin to fade by the mid 16th century? |
| Asylums | Institutions whose primary purpose was to care for people w/ mental illness |
| Gheel in Belgium | shrine devoted to the humane and loving treatment of people w/ mental disorders; people would go to shrine for psychic healing; local residents very welcoming; became a form of community mental health program |
| Bethlehem Hospital | given to London by Henry VIII for confining the mentally ill; became popular tourist attraction; called "Bedlam" by the local people |
| Johann Weyer | the founder of the modern study of psychopathlogy; first physician to specialize in mental illness; believed that the mind was as susceptible to illness as the body |
| Philippe Pinel | In the 19th cent, argued that the patients were sick people whose illnesses should be treated w/ sympathy and kindness rather than chains and beatings; the chief physician at La Bicetre (an asylum for male patients) |
| free movement around the hospital grounds, replacement of dark dungeons w/ sunny, well-ventilated rooms, and offered support and advice | Some of Pinel's asylum improvements included: |
| William Tuke | In the 19th cent., brought reform 2 northern England founded the York Retreat, a rural estate where about 30 mental patients lived as guests in quiet country houses & were treated w/ a combination of rest, talk, prayer, and manual work; an English Quaker |
| Moral Treatment | methods of Pinel & Tuke that emphasized moral guidance and humane and respectful techniques |
| Benjamin Rush | Physician at Penn. Hospital most responsible for the early spread of moral treatment in the US; the father of American psychiatry; developed humane treatments; required hospital to read/walk/talk w/ patients and hire intelligent & sensitive attendants |
| Dorothea Dix | A Boston teacher; made humane care a public concern in the US; went from state legislatures to Congress speaking o/t horrors she had observed at asylums and called for reform; led to new laws and greater gov't funding and state hospitals |
| State Hospitals | public mental hospitals intended to offer moral treatment |
| The speed by w/ which the movement spread: severe money and staffing shortages developed and recovery rates declined; assumption that all patients could be cured; prejudice against these "strange & dangerous" people which led to less donations/gov't funds | Several factors that led to a reversal of the moral treatment movement at the end of the 1800s |
| Somatogenic perspective | the view that abnormal psychological functioning has physical causes |
| Psychogenic Perspective | the view that the chief causes of abnormal functioning are psychological |
| Emil Kraepelin | helped the somatogenic perspective gain acceptance w/ a textbook arguing that phys. factors, such as fatigue, are responsible for mental dysfunction; developed the first modern system for classifying abnormal behavior |
| tooth extraction, tonsillectomy, hydrotherapy, and lobotomy | 20th cent somatogenic techniques included |
| Friedrich Anton Mesmer | Austrian physician who started a clinic in Paris; used mesmerism to treat patients (patients sit in dark room w/ music, he appears in colorful costume, touched troubled area of each patient's body w/ a special rod); like hypnotism |
| Hippolyte-Marie Bernheim & Ambroise-Auguste Liebault | 2 physicians who should that hysterical disorders could be produced in otherwise normal people while they were under the influence of hypnosis; established that a mental process (hypnotic suggestion) could both cause and cure even a physical dysfunction |
| Josef Breuer | discovered that his patients sometimes awoke free of hysterical symptoms after speaking candidly under hypnosis about past upsetting events; joined by Freud |
| Outpatient Therapy | patients visit therapist in their office for sessions of approx. 1 hour and then go about their daily lives |
| Psychotropic Medications | discovered in the 1950s, drugs that primarily affect the brain and reduce many symptoms of mental dysfunction; included first antipsychotic , antidepressant, and antianxiety drugs |
| Deinstitutionalization | release of patients from public mental hospitals; especially prevalent after the discovery of psychotropic medications |
| Outpatient, short-term | _____ care is the primary mode of treatment for people with severe psychological disturbances and those w/ moderate probs.; when very disturbed people do need institutionalization, they are usually given _____ ______ hospitalization |
| Positive Psychology | the study & encouragement of positive feelings such as optimism & happiness, positive traits like hard work & wisdom, positive abilities such as social skills, & group-directed virtues including generosity & tolerance |
| Prevention Programs | Positive psychology has further energized _____ programs in the past few years, promoting that practitioners can help people best by promoting positive devel. and psychological awareness |
| Managed Care Program | leading form of coverage; program in which the insurance company determines such key issues as which therapists its clients may choose, the cost of sessions, and the number of sessions for which a client may be reimbursed |
| the program can shorten therapy, unfairly favor treatments whose results are not always lasting, pose a special hardship for those w/ severe mental disorders, and put control of therapy into the hands of the insurance companies rather than the therapists | Con's of the managed care program: |
| Parity Laws | direct insurance companies to provide equal coverage for mental and medical problems |
| Correlational Method | research procedure used to determine the co-relationship b/w variables; purpose: predicting and selecting behavior; Research tactics: Statistical correlations based on 2 or more variables |
| correlation coefficient, +1.00, -1.00, strength | the _____ ______ can vary from +!.00 to -1.00; ____ represents a perfect positive correlation, ____reps. a perfect neg. correlation; the magnitude is the _______ of the correlation |
| measure variables, observe many participants, and apply statistical analyses, which puts them in a better position to generalize their correlations; can be replicated; statistically analyzed | Pro's of the correlational method: |
| show relationship, but do not explain the relationship b/w variables | Con's of the correlational method: |
| Descriptive Method | purpose: observing and describing behavior; Research tactics: naturalistic observation, case studies, survey research, and psychological tests |
| Case study | detailed description of one person's life and psychological problems; describes the person's history, present circumstances, and symptoms; may also speculate about why the probs developed and the person's treatment |
| can be a source of new ideas, may offer tentative support for a theory or challenge a theory's assumptions, may show the value of new therapeutic techniques, may offer opps to study unusual probs. that do not occur often enough to observe a large group | Pro's of case studies |
| reported by biased observers, rely upon subjective evidence, provide little basis for generalization | Limitations of Case Studies: |
| epidemiological studies, longitudinal studies | 2 kinds of correlational research: |
| Epidemiological Studies | reveal the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a particular population; help researchers detect groups at risk for particular disorders |
| Incidence | the number of new cases that emerge during a given period of time |
| Prevalence | total number of new cases in the population during a given time period; both existing and new cases |
| Longitudinal Studies | study that observes the same participants on many occasions over a long period of time |
| Experimental method | Purpose: determining why behavior occurs; establishing cause and effect; Researcher Tactics: experiments manipulating the IV to note effects on the DV |
| control v. experimental group; random assignment; blind design; placebo therapy; double-blind design | Tools for limiting confounding variable in experiments: |
| Quasi-experiments/mixed designs | investigators do not randomly assign participants to control/experimental groups but instead make use of groups that already exist in the world at large; may use matched control participants |
| natural experiments | nature itself manipulates the IV, and the experimenter observes the effects |
| Analogue Experiments | researchers induce laboratory participants to behave in ways that seem to resemble real-life abnormal behavior and then conduct experiments on the participants in the hope of shedding light on the real-life abnormality |
| single-subject experimental design | a single participant is observed both before and after the manipulation of an IV; Ex: ABAB/reversal design |
Created by:
mobrien606
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