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Carp115KeyGenetics
Prepare yourself for the genetics section of the PA Keystone exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What stage of meiosis does crossing over occur? | Prophase I |
| What are long strands of DNA called? | chromosomes |
| What is the genetic material found in organisms that codes for hereditary traits? | DNA |
| What are segments of DNA that code for specific traits called? | genes |
| What are alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic called? | alleles |
| What tool can geneticists use to predict the appearance of the offspring produced from two parents? | Punnett squares |
| What type of genes are always expressed if they are present in an organism's genotype? | dominant |
| What is a pair of alleles that an organism receives from its parents called? | genotype |
| If an organism has a genotype of AA, what is the scientific term for these alleles? | Homozygous dominant |
| If an organism has a genotype of Aa, what is the scientific term for these alleles? | Heterozygous dominant |
| If an organism has a genotype of aa, what is the scientific term for these alleles? | Homozygous recessive |
| What type of genes are only expressed if dominant genes are not present? | Recessive |
| What is the physical expression of the pair of alleles for a specific trait called? | Phenotype |
| What are the five exceptions to simple Mendelian genetics? | Polygenic traits Incomplete dominance Multiple alleles Codominance Sex-linked traits |
| What type of exception to simple inheritance has traits that are determined by the combined effect of more than one pair of genes? | polygenic traits |
| What type of exception to simple inheritance results in an intermediate expression of a trait in heterozygous individuals? | Incomplete dominance |
| What type of exception to simple inheritance has genes with three or more different alleles? | Multiple alleles |
| What type of exception to simple inheritance has two dominant alleles that are expressed at the same time? | Codominance |
| What type of exception to simple inheritance has genes that are found only on the X chromosome and not on the Y chromosome? | Sex-linked traits |
| What type of exception to simple inheritance can the genes be scattered along the same chromosome or located on different chromosomes? | Polygenic traits |
| What 2 types of exceptions to simple inheritance tend to have varying degrees of intermediate conditions? | Polygenic traits Incomplete dominance |
| What are three popular examples of polygenic traits? | hair color eye color height weight |
| How many alleles are expressed with genes controlled by multiple alleles? | 2 |
| What two exceptions to simple inheritance is human blood type an example? | Multiple alleles Codominance |
| What chromosome does sex linked traits tend to be found on? | X chromosome |
| Which sex tends to express sex-linked traits more often? | males |
| What is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes called? | crossing-over |
| What does crossing over produce? | recombinant chromosomes |
| What phase of meiosis does crossing-over occur? | Prophase I |
| What genetic phenomenon shuffles the allele content between homologous chromosomes and creates more possible combinations of offspring? | crossing over |
| What genetic mutation entails a failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during meiosis? | Nondisjunction |
| What is the result of nondisjunction? | a gamete with an imbalance of chromosomes |
| What disorder involves the loss of a single homologous chromosome? | monosomy |
| Turner Syndrome is a disorder that a woman may inherit that cause her to have only one sex chromosome. What is this type disorder known as? | monosomy |
| What disorder is involves gaining a single extra chromosome to its pair of homologous chromosomes? | trisomy |
| What type of mutation adds one or more extra nucleotides into DNA? | insertion |
| What type of mutation are chromosomal insertion? | frameshift |
| If the original strand of DNA is: ATCGTA If the mutated strand of DNA is: ATCGGTA What type of mutation would this be? | Frameshift insertion |
| If the original strand of DNA is: GGCTTA If the mutated strand of DNA is: GTAGCTTA What type of mutation would this be? | Frameshift insertion |
| What type of mutation results in the removal of one or more nucleotides from the DNA? | deletion |
| What type of mutation is a chromosomal deletion? | Frameshift |
| If the original strand of DNA is: TCGACG If the mutated strand of DNA is: TGACG What type of mutation would this be? | Frameshift deletion |
| What type of mutation leads to multiple copies of all chromosomal regions, increasing the dosage of the genes located within them? | Duplication |
| What type of mutation is chromosomal duplication? | Frameshift |
| If the original strand of DNA is: ATCGTA If the mutated strand of DNA is: ATCATCGGTA What type of mutation would this be? | Frameshift duplication |
| If the original strand of DNA is: CCTGCA If the mutated strand of DNA is: CCTGCAGCA What type of mutation would this be? | Frameshift duplication |
| What type of mutation causes a segment of a chromosome to be reversed? | Inversion |
| If the original strand of DNA is: CCGTAC If the mutated strand of DNA is: CCGCAT What type of mutation would this be? | Point Inversion |
| What type of mutation involves a chromosomal inversion? | Point |
| What type of mutation is a chromosomal abnormality by rearrangement of nucleotide sequences between two different homologous chromosomes? | Translocation |
| Which type of mutation tends to lead to cancer? | Frameshift translocation |
| What type of mutation is the result of chemicals or malfunction of DNA replication which results in an exchange of single nucleotide? | Point |
| What type of point mutation involves a change in DNA that does not affect the amino acid sequence of a protein? | Silent mutation |
| What type of point mutation occurs in a sequence of DNA that results in a premature stop codon? | Nonsense mutation |
| What type of point mutation occurs when a single nucleotide is changed and results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid? | Missense mutation |
| Which type of point mutation results in a nonfunctioning protein? | Missense mutation |
| What type of mutation will cause the reading of the codons after the mutation to code for different amino acids? | Frameshift mutations |
| What is a change in DNA called? | Mutation |
| What arises from mutations in genes? | New phenotype |
| Why are new phenotypes that arise from mutations in genes important to organisms? | Creates variation that allows organisms to adapt to environments |
| What is the process of breeding plants and animals for specific traits known as? | Selective breeding |
| What are four benefits of selective breeding? | high crop yields resistance to disease high growth rate improved medicinal production |
| What are four negative impacts of selective breeding? | Other animals become redundant and unnecessary Could cause genetic problems Disrupts the food chain Could disrupt the water cycle |
| What is the process of cutting DNA from one organism and attaching it to the DNA of another organism causing the host organism to demonstrate a new phenotype called? | Gene splicing |
| Attaching the insulin gene to DNA of bacteria is called? | Gene splicing |
| What is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms reproduce sexually called? | Cloning |
| What are four advantages of cloning? | cloned body parts can save lives can be a viable solution to infertility helps to understand the composition of genes helps to replicate animals for research |
| What are three disadvantages of cloning? | limits diversity which limits adaptability raises probability of undesirable traits in a population morally and ethically questioned |
| What process is DNA used to supplement or alter genes within an individual's cells as a therapy to treat disease? | gene therapy |
| What intervention strategy introduces new adult stem cells into damaged tissue in order to treat disease or injury? | Stem cell therapy |
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carp115
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