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Ch. 4 Bontrager

Ch. 4 Bontrager - semester 1/ positioning

Term	Definition
KUB	What is the most common film of the abdomen?
Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder	What does KUB stand for?
Diaphragm	an umbrella shaped muscle that separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity
Psoas Major	muscles that are located on either side of the lumbar vertebral column
Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, sm. intestine, lg. intestine	What are the 6 different organs of the digestive system?
KUB	Xray commonly taken to rule out pathology before abdominal exams are performed with the use of contrast media.
liver, gallbladder, pancreas	What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?
in the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity	Where is the esophagus located?
stomach, small and large intestines	What are the 3 digestive organs within the abdominal cavity?
Stomach	1st organ of the digestive system located in the abdominal cavity, and expandable reservoir for swallowed food and fluids.
Small Intestine	continues from the stomach as a long tubelike convoluted structure - 15-18 feet long
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum	What are the 3 parts of the small intestine
Duodenum	the first portion of the small intestine - shortest bur widest in diameter - 10 inches - C shaped, proximal portion is called a bulb
Jejunum	remainder of the small bowel in the lower abdomen - first 2/5 following the duodenum
Ileum	distal 3/5 of the small bowel following the jejunum
Ileocecal valve	orifice between the distal ileum and the cecum portion of the large intestine
Large intestine	begins in the RLQ at the junction with the small intestine at the ileocecal valve
Cecum	saclike area of the large intestine below the ileocecal valve
Appendix or vermiform appendix	attached to the posteromedial aspect of the cecum
Ascending colon	vertical portion of the large bowel above the cecum
Transverse colon	part of large bowel that goes from left to right side of abdomen
right colic flexure (hepatic)	joins the ascending colon to the transverse colon (corner piece)
left splenic flexure (splenic)	joins the transverse colon to the descending colon (corner piece)
Sigmoind colon	the s-shaped part of the descending colon in the lower left abdomen
Rectum	the final 6 inches of the large intestine
Anus	sphincter muscle at the terminal opening of the large intestine
Spleen	part of the lymphatic system that along with the heart and blood vessels is part of the circulatory system.
Pancreas	part of the exocrine and endocrine system - regulates insulin and produces digestive juices
Liver	larges solid organ of the body - produces bile
Gallbladder	store and concentrate bile
2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 urinary bladder, 1 urethra	Urinary System consists of the following:
urinary bladder	stores urine, voluntary passes urine to the exterior via the urethra
Suprarenal(adrenal) glands	part of the endocrine system located at the superomedial portion of each kidney
Kidneys	waste materials and excess water are eliminated from the blood by these organs
IVU(Intravenous Urogram)	RAD exam of the urinary system where contrast medium is injected intravenously - the hollow organs of the this system are visualized
Peritoneum	large, serous, double-walled, saclike membrane that covers the abdominal structures and organs
Parietal Peritoneum	two-layered peritoneum that adheres to the cavity wall
Visceral Peritoneum	the portion of the peritoneum that covers the organs themselves
Peritoneal Cavity	the space or cavity between the parietal or visceral portions of the peritoneum
Ascites	an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in peritoneum cavity
Mesentery	Double fold of peritoneum that extends anteriorly from the posterior abdominal wall to completely envelop a loop of small bowel.
Omentum	A specific type of double fold peritoneum that extends from the stomach to another organ
Lesser Omentum	omentum that extends superiorly from the lesser curvature of the stomach to portions of the liver.
Greater omentum	connects the transverse colon to the greater curvature of the stomach inferorly - drapes down over the small bowel then folds back on itself to form and apron along the anterior abdominal wall.
Mesocolon	the peritoneum that attaches the colon to the posterior abdominal wall
Greater Sac or Peritoneal cavity	the major portion of the peritoneal cavity
Lesser Sac or Omentum bursa	the smaller portion of the upper posterior peritoneal cavity located posterior to the stomach
Retroperitoneal organs (retro means behind)	structures closely attached to the posterior abdominal wall - less mobile
Kidneys, Ureters, Adrenal Glands, Pancreas, Duodenum, Ascending and Descending colon, upper rectum, major abdominal blood vessels(aorta and inferior vena cava)	List the Retroperitoneal organs
Infraperitoneal Organs (retro means under or beneath)	organs located under or beneath the peritoneum in the true pelvis are called:
Lower rectum,urinary bladder, reproductive organs,male-closed sac, female - open sac - uterus, tubes, ovaries	List the Infraperitoneal(Pelvic) Organs
Intraperiotoneal organs (intra means within)	organs within the abdominal cavity that are partially or completely covered by some type of visceral peritoneum but are not retro or infra
Liver, Gallbladder, spleen, stomach, jejunum,ileum, cecum, transverse colon,sigmoid colon	List the Intraperiotoneal Organs
RUQ, LUQ,RLQ,LLQ	List the 4 Abdominal Quadrants
Liver,Gallbladder, R Colic(hepatic)flexure, Duodenum, head of Pancreas, R Kidney, R suprarenal (adrenal)gland	Name the organs in the RUQ
Spleen, Stomach, L Colic(splenic)flexure, Tail of pancreas, L Kidney, L suprarenal (adrenal)gland	Name the organs in the LUQ
Ascending colon, Appendix(vermiform), cecum, 2/3 ileum, ileocecal valve	Name the organs in the RLQ
Descending colon, sigmoid colon, 2/3 of jejunum	Name the organs in the LLQ
R & L Hypochondriac, Epigastric, R & L Lateral (lumbar), Umbilical, R & L Inguinal (Iliac),Pubic(Hypogastric)	Name the 9 abdominal regions
Liver, gall bladder, small intestine, ascending colon, transverse colon, right kidney	Name the organs in the Right Hypochondriac region:
Esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, transvers colon, right and left adrenal glands, pancreas, right and left kidneys, right and left ureters, spleen	Name the organs in the Epigastric region:
Stomach, tip of liver, tail of pancreas, small intestines, transverse colon, descending colon, pancreas, left kidney, spleen	Name the organs in the Left Hypochondriac region:
Tip of liver, gall bladder, small intestine, ascending colon, right kidney	Name the organs in the Right Lumbar region:
Stomach, pancreas, small intestine, transverse colon, pancreas, right and left kidneys, right and left ureters	Name the organs in the Umbilical region:
Small intestine, descending colon, tip of left kidney	Name the organs in the Left Lumbar region:
Small intestine, appendix, cecum and ascending colon; F- right ovary, right fallopian tube	Name the organs in the Right Iliac region:
Small intestine, sigmoid colon, rectum, right and left ureters, urinary bladder; F- uterus, right and left ovaries, right and left Fallopian tubes; M- vas deferens, seminal vessicle, prostate	Name the organs in the Hypogastric region:
Small intestine, descending colon, sigmoid colon; F- left ovary, left Fallopian tube	Name the organs in the Left Iliac region:
Xiphoid Process (T9-T10), Inferior costal rib margin (L2-L3), Iliac crest (L4-L5), Anterior Superior iliac spine (ASIS), Greater Trochanter, Symphysis pubis, Ischial tuberosity	Name the 7 landmarks of the Abdomen
Iliac crest (L4-L5)	What is the most commonly used abdominal landmark?
Iliac crest (L4-L5), Anterior Superior iliac spine (ASIS), Greater Trochanter	What are the 3 most commonly used abdominal landmarks?
take a deep breath in and blow it out - hold it don't breathe	What are breathing instructions for Abdominal radiographs?
expiration	Are abdominal radiographs exposed on inspiration or expiration?
1)meduim kV(70-80) 2)short exposure time 3)Adequte mAs for sufficient density	What are the exposure factors for abdominal radiographs?
supine and horizontal beam project to show air-fluid levels	What are the typical acute abdomen series for pediatrics?
before a contrast medium is introduced for evaluation and diagnosis of disease and conditions in these systems	Why/When is a KUB usually taken?
to evaluate/diagnose bowel obstruction or peforation	Why/When is an Acute Abdomen Series usually taken?
Pneumoperitoneum	free air or gas in the peritoneal cavity
Fibrous Adhesion	a fibrous band of tissue in the intestine creating a blockage
Crohn's disease	chronic inflammation of the intestional wall that results in bowel obstruction
Intussusception	telescoping of a section of the bowel into another loop, causing an obstruction
Volvulus	twisting of a loop of intestine, causing an obstruction
Ulcerative colitis	chronic disease involving inflammation of the colon
Ap Supine abdomen, AP erect abdomen, and PA chest	What are the 3 positions in an Acute Abdomen Series?
to demonstrate free intraperitoneal air trapped under the diaphragm	Why is PA chest included in an Acute Abdomen Series?
to make sure the intestines are cleaned out before a "swallow" study	What is a SCOUT AP Supine position used for?
A bladder shot using a 10x12 crosswise	If you clip the pubic symphysis/bladder what projection should you take?
to level of iliac crests with bottom margin at symphysis pubis	where should the cassette be placed for AP supine abdomen?
check to see that both iliac winds and ishial spines and obturaror foramina are symmetric	How do you check for rotation in an AP abdomen?
elongation of the iliac wing indicates rotation in that direction	What shows the direction of rotation in an AP abdomen?
perpendicular and centered to IR to level of iliac crest	Where should the CR be directed in an AP, PA abdomen?
40 inches	What is SID in an AP, PA abdomen?
center cassette to level of iliac crest, with bottom margins at symphysis pubis - no rotation of pelvis or shoulders	What is part position in an AP, PA abdomen?
exposure at end of expiration	What are breathing instructions on abdominal radiographs?
tall hyposthenic or asthenic lengthwise OR broad bypersthenic crosswise	What body habitus may need 2 images to demonstrate entire abdomen?
AP and PA supine/prone abdomen	Which 2 abdominal xrays need the arch of the symphsis pubis included to be correct?
AP b/c of the OID (increased object image receptor distance)	Which positon is best if looking at kidneys? AP or PA abdomen?
minimum of 5 minutes, but 10-20 is preferred...need enuf time for air to rise and fluid to accumulate	How long should a patient be on their side before doing the Lateral Decub AP abdomen?
center of IR and CR are approximately 2 inches ABOVE level of iliac crests (to include diaphragm) using horizontal beam	What is Position for CR and IR for Lateral Decub AP abdomen?
bilateral diaphragm	What is the part of interest in Lateral Decub AP abdomen?
at end of expiration	When do you make exposure in Lateral Decub AP abdomen?
center of IR and CR are approximately 2 inches ABOVE level of iliac crests (to include diaphragm)- for average patient the top of the IR will be at level of the axilla(armpit)	What is "Part Position" for AP Erect Abdomen xray?
erect images first if the patient comes to the department in and erect position	What image do you take first in an Acute Abdomen series?
Ileus,Ascites, Perforated hollow ciscus, intraabdominal mass,Post-Op abdominal surgery	What pathology are we looking for in an Acute Abdomen series?
with an erect arrow in addition to your R or L marker	How should and erect abdomen xray be marked?
Marker that matches the side closest to the IR	What marker should be used in a Dorsal Decub - R or L lateral?
40 - 48 inches	What is SID in PA or AP abdomen?
40-48 inches	What is SID in Decub abdomen?
Low - usually in Right lower area	Where do you place marker in UP upright that includes diaphragm?
All Decub, Lateral , AP upright	Which abdomen xray need diaphram included?
AP supine, PA prone	Which abdomen xray need symphysis included?
it blocks pertinent anatomy	Why can't you shield female reproductive organs in abdomen xrays?
they are outside of the body cavity	Why can you shield male reproductive organs in abdomen xrays?

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