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CHAPTER 2
CURRENT HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS & TRENDS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Technology advancements | these may include: organ transplants, microscopic and robotic surgery, gene therapy, and targeted drug therapy |
| Ancient Times | Home remedies were used & rituals performed to drive away the evil spirits; diseases were though to be caused by supernatural; life span was only 20-35 yrs |
| Ancient times | Hippocrates of Cos (460-379 B.C.) most famous Greek physician stressed observation and conservative treatment "Father of Medicine" used dietetics as a means of balancing the humors, if diet failed, then he wld use drugs or surgery |
| Medieval Times | 2 plagues killed majority of people and led to breakdown in civilization Christianity became center of power; they emphasized saving the soul, not body most physicians were clergymen & no longer able to perform surgery |
| Medieval Times | Title doctor became known & major medical legislation was written in 1140-1224 that specified a 9-yr curriculum with state examinations and licenses Black Plague,1348, killed large % of European population; quarantine-preventive measure was recognized |
| Medieval Times | network of hospitals built-it marked new & more humane, a refuge for the sick, old, disabled, or homeless |
| Renaissance | revival of learning & science 1st attempts to connect autopsy results w/clinical observations made during life; Girolamo Fracastoro, 1546, wrote about the 1st theory of contagious diseases printing press invented; new info and books |
| Renaissance | invention-gun powder need for surgical treatment of wounds elevated barber-surgeons to a higher status |
| 17th Century | Increase interest-experimentation & observation;studies in anatomy continued physiology was also investigated |
| 17th Century | William Harvey, Englishman,stated that blood circulates throughout the body with a network of vessels-blood could be transfused |
| 17th Century | 1666-Anton van Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope-study of microscopic anatomy & visualization of organism now possible |
| 17th Century | Quinine imported from Peru as a cure for malaria-separated from other types of fevers study of the brain and psychology was of interest-nervous system & stimulation of muscles discovered; long-believed theory mucus was produced by a brain was disapprov |
| 18th Century | Surgery became a respected form of treatment in France after the court physician successfully repaired an anal fistula for King Louis XIV 1761-Giovanni Battista Morgagni published a book called On the Sites and Causes of Diseases |
| 18th Century | 1761-Giovanni Battista Morgagni of Padua published a book-On the Sites and Causes of Disease-Emphasis changed from concentration on general conditions and humors to specific changes in organs |
| 18th Century | techniques for measuring blood pressure/temperature were used to measure vital signs were used to monitor patient status "Enlightment" was developed-numerous studies & experiments added expanding knowledge |
| 18th Century | increased pace of progress because the sharing of the knowledge; science of chemistry came of age-digestion was now considered chemical not mechanical mentally ill patients were released from their chains & treated in a humane way |
| 18th Century | Sanitary reform was initiated in hospitals, prisons, and military; personal hygiene was improved child health increased/decrease in infants/children Edward Jenner (1749-1823) vaccination with cowpox provides immunity for smallpox;lives were saved |
| 19th Century | 1st time surgical operational were performed, tracheostomy, removal of thyroid and uterus developments started in pediatrics, psychiatry, dermatology, public health, preventive medicine |
| 19th Century | Increase in medical knowledge was acquired & documented Study shifted from practicing physicians to full-time scientific researches more powerful microscopes were developed-could be seen at cellular level |
| 19th Century | Laboratory tests for diagnostic became common Metabolism and dietetics came under scientific study |
| 19th Century | Large scale surgery could be done, death rates fell as anesthesia decreased shock and need for speed in surgery |
| 19th Century | Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910)-1st woman MD; medical education opened for the 1st time to a female Louis Pasteur, 1822-1895, chemist,proved that bacteria are the cause of specific diseases in both humans/animals...nursing was established in the US |
| 19th Century con't | Louis Pasteur, 1822-1895, chemist, created the development of the germ theory; revolutionized the ability to prevent, diagnose, and treat infectious diseases. |
| 20th Century | 1921, Karl Landsteiner of Vienna discovered blood groups-made transfusion of blood products safe for the first time in history |
| 20th Century | F.G. Banting of Toronto identified insulin in 1921 for treatment of diabetes, was no longer considered a fatal disease, could managed w/injections of insulin |
| 20th Century | life span was 70-80 years Geriatrics became a specialty, Chronic illnesses were very common |
| 20th Century | mental illness became an increasing problem in modern society; shock treatment & psychosurgery were replaced w/new drugs and psychotherapy |
| trauma center | treats life threatening injuries |
| emergency room | treats conditions that occur suddenly and require immediate attention |
| intensive care unit (ICU) | provides specialized equipment and continuous care and monitoring for patient with serious illnesses |
| cardiac care unit (CCU) | provides specialized equipment and continuous care and monitoring for patients with serious heart |
| General unit | Provides care for patient who are seriously ill but d not need a high level of specialized equipment and continuous nursing care |
| transitional care unit (TCU) | provides lower level care while patients needs are assessed and arrangement made to release patients to return home or enter another care facility. |
| long term care facility | nursing homes-skilled & intermediate adult foster home assisted living residence continuing care community |
| home health care providers | shorter hospital stays increase in the older population advances in equipment that allow more technical procedures to be carried out in the home |
| hospice | provides care palliative care but doesn't cure |
| state health departments | license health care personnel, hospitals, and nursing homes, monitor chronic and communicable diseases provide laboratory services establish health data systems conduct public health planning |
| local health departments | collect vital statistics conduct sanitation inspections provide health education screen for diseases cancer/diabetes carry out insect control measures supervise water & sewage systems provide immunizations operated venereal diseases provide counse |
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