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FNS 8: Cerebrum
Neuro Lecture 8: Cerebral Cortex 1b
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What percentage of the population will experience a seizure? | ~10% |
| What percentage of the population will be diagnosed with epilepsy? | ~1% |
| Which lobe is the most common seizure focus? | temporal lobe |
| What is a seizure? | pathological event resulting from hyperexcitation of cortical and subcortical temporal lobe structures (amygdala, hippocampus) |
| What is aura? | general feeling of unease, fear, or déjà vu accompanied by a sensory illusion (usually a foul odor/taste) |
| What are automatisms? | lip smacking, chewing, swallowing |
| Do TLE seizures cause vivd, experiential memories or dream-like experiences with strong emotional components? | Yes |
| How effective is surgical treatment of TLE? | effective in eliminating/reducing seizure severity & frequency in 70-90% of patients |
| What are the boundaries of the occipital lobe? | parieto-occipital sulcus and preoccipital notch |
| What are the 3 mentioned surface features of the occipital lobe? | cuneus, lingual gyrus, and calcarine sulcus |
| What is Brodmann’s area 17? Where is it? | primary visual cortex- very back of the occipital lobe |
| What are other names for the primary visual cortex? | striate cortex or V1 cortex (first visual area) |
| What is Brodmann’s area 18? Where is it? | Parastriate cortex (occipital visual association cortex)- surrounds the primary visual cortex |
| What is Brodmann’s area 19? Where is it? | Peristriate cortex (occipital visual association cortex)- surrounds the parastriate cortex |
| Which Brodmann’s area is the striate cortex? | BA 17 |
| What does striate mean? | striped |
| In the striate cortex, which cortical layer has a high density of thalamic innervation? | 4 |
| Cells in the primary visual cortex that respond to similar stimuli are aligned within _____ | columns |
| Are columns for each separate eye grouped together? | no- the columns alternate between left and right eyes (occular dominance columns) |
| How do they measure/observe ocular dominance columns? | injecting radiolabeled tracers into one eye, which travel to the cortex and you can see the striations between injected & non-injected eyes |
| What happens to striations of the striate cortex with monocular deprivation during development? | they are activity-dependent, so without activity, the input from the non-deprived eye almost completely takes over the other eyes’ columns |
| Why is strabismus now typically treated in childhood? What is strabisumus? | Malalignment of eyes: double vision- kids stop using one of the eyes. If you wait too long, the developing eye columns don’t get input during development- do it early and normal vision can be restored |
| Where do the visual association cortices receive major inputs from? | BA 17 and the Pulvinar of the thalamus |
| What is the name of the pathway that provides input from the Pulvinar to the visual association cortices? | Extrageniculate pathway |
| How does the primary visual cortex receive information from the optic nerve and tract? (by way of which structure?) | LGN |
| How does the visual association area of the occipital lobe receive input from the optic nerve and tract? | goes to the superior colliculus, which goes to the Pulvinar, which goes to BA 18&19 |
| What is blindsight? | TMS can be used to inactive the primary visual cortex, but subjects still have association cortices intact, so they can subconsciously be aware of spatial aspects of stimuli |
| What is the explanation for blindsight? | input from pulvinar to visual association areas remains intact, and it may also involved direct projects from LGN to BA 18,19 |
| What are 3 functions of the visual association cortex? | complex aspects of vision including- property recognition like (color, shape), 2. localization of objects in space/direction of movement, 3. tracking eye movements |
| What input is property recognition dependent on? | association areas further process input from BA 17 |
| What input is localization/movement dependent on? | association areas further process input from Pulvinar |
| What input is tracking eye movement dependent on? | association areas further process input from Pulvinar |
| What are the 2 output pathways from the visual association cortex? | dorsal stream (where pathway) and ventral stream (what pathway) |
| Where does the dorsal stream project from the VAC? | to inferior and superior parietal lobules |
| What is the dorsal stream projection from the VAC important for? | localization of objects in space and reading |
| Dorsal stream is important for localization and reading. Do these utilize both hemispheres? | localization is both, reading is dominant hemisphere |
| Where does the ventral stream project from the VAC? | middle and inferior temporal gyri |
| What is the ventral stream projection from the VAC important for? | conscious awareness and recognition of visual stimuli |
| Which stream from the VAC is the What pathway? Which is the Where pathway? | dorsal is where, ventral is what |
| What is cerebral achromatopsia? | loss of color awareness- cannot match, name, or point to colors presented visually- can NAME verbal color of an object if presented verbally |
| What is a description of loss of tracking eye movements? | inability to visually lock on to and follow a moving object |
| What is visual agnosia? 1 | inability to name or recognize the significance of a visual stimulus, while conscious awareness of the object is preserved |
| What is apperceptive agnosia? | *Different from agnosia following temporal VAC damage* difficulty with color discrimination and INABILITY to copy a drawn figure |
| What happens with bilateral lesions of superior parts of BA 19? | visual disorientation and inability to execute visually-guided hand movements |
| What are the boundaries of the temporal lobe? | lateral sulcus and the line from parieto-occipital sulcus to preoccipital notch |
| What are the 3 major function regions of the temporal lobe? | primary auditory cortex, auditory assocition cortex, and visual association cortex |
| Where is the auditory association cortex located? | superior temporal gyrus |
| Which BAs correspond with the auditory associated cortex? | 42 and 22 |
| Which BA is the primary auditory cortex? | 41 |
| Where do the auditory association areas receive major input from? | primary auditory cortex (BA 41) |
| Where do auditory association cortices send their major outputs? | inferior parietal lobule and limbic structures (hippocampus and amygdala) |
| What is the output from AAC to parietal lobule important for? | language function (reading) |
| What is the output from AAC to limbic structures important for? | memory and emotional aspects of auditory experiences |
| What are the 3 functions of the auditory association cortex? | more elaborate perception/processing of auditory info, ID of sounds, and storage of auditory memories |
| What happens with damage to the dominant hemisphere’s AAC? | word deafness |
| Where is Wernicke’s area? | posterior portion of BA 22 in dominant hemisphere |
| What happens with damage to the posterior portion of BA 22 in the dominant hemisphere? | fluent aphasia |
| What happens with damage to the non-dominant hemisphere’s AAC? | disturbances in appreciation of music (“amusia”) |
| Where is the visual association area of the temporal lobe? | middle temporal gyrus (BA 21) and inferior temporal and fusiform gyri (BA 20) |
| What is another name for the fusiform gyrus? | occipitotemporal gyrus |
| Where does the major input to temporal VAC come from? | occipital VAC (BA 18, 19) |
| Where does the major output from temporal VAC go? | limbic areas (hippocampus, amygdala) |
| Which two areas do amygdala and hippocampus have reciprocal connections with? | AAC (42, 22) and VAC (20,21) of temporal lobe |
| What are the main functions of temporal VAC connections? | storage of visual memories, whole-object recognition or recognition of complex visual patterns |
| What is visual agnosia? 2 | inability to recognize objects by sight |
| When is associative agnosia most commonly seen? What injury? | after left hemisphere damage |
| If patients have lesions of temporal VACs, what can they still do? | copy images, thus visual acuity and object awareness are intact |
| In which agnosia would a subject describe a glove, but not be able to ID its identity or function? | associative agnosia |
| What is prosopagnosia, another type of visual agnosia? | inability to recognize faces |
| Where is the lesion in prosopagnosia? | BA 20/21 |
Created by:
mbyess
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