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9th grade midterm

9th grade honors benchmark/ midterm exam reveiw

TermDefinition
Recombinant DNA a molecule of DNA that is formed in a laboratory by methods of genetic recombination.
Genetic engineering the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology.
Plasmids a separated DNA molecule from chromosomal DNA
DNA ligase joins DNA strands together
Vector a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to artificially carry foreing genetic material into another cell
Restriction enzymes an enzyme that cuts DNA at or near specific recognition
Restriction fragments a DNA fragment resulting from the cutting of DNA strand by a restriction enzyme
Restriction/recognition site Locations on a DNA molecule containing specific sequences of nucleotides
PCR polymerase chain reaction
What does each letter mean? Polymerase Chain Reaction A gene system, often encoding a coordinated group of enzymes involved in a catabolic pathway.
Definite the term a biochemical technology in molecular biology to amplify a single or few copies of a piece of DNA
What does amplified mean? To focus on
DNA profiling is a technique employed by forensic scientists to assist in the identification of individuals by their respective DNA profiles
Primers a strandd of nucleic acid that serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis
Gel electrophoresis a method of separation and analysis for macromolecules
STR a method used to compare specific loci on DNA from two or more samples
what does the term cellular respiration mean? cell breathing
Why do organisms need cellular respiration? to make energy
Write the balanced equation for cellular respiration. 6 O2 +c6H12O6 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O+ heat
Where does cellular respiration occur? In the mitochondria
List the two mechanisms in cellular respiration. Mitochondria and gogli apparatus
Which occurs in the presence of oxygen? Aerobic respiration
Which occurs in the absence of oxygen? Anaerobic respiration
Glycolysis:
What are the products of glycolysis? 2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 molecules of NADH,and a net of 2 molecules of ATP.
How many of each products are produced? 2 pyruvate 2 NADH 2 ATP
Pyruvate Oxidation
What are the products of pyruvate oxidation? NADH
How many of each products are produced?- 2NADH
Citric Acid (Kreb) Cycle
What are the products of citric cycle? One GTP (or ATP), three NADH, one QH2, two CO2.
How many of each products are produced? One GTP (or ATP), three NADH, one QH2, two CO2.
Of the three processes which produce the most energy? Glycolysis
What are NADP and NAD+? Energy carriers
Explain how energy is released from ATP. It breaks the molecular bonds in water molecules
Explain oxidation & reduction. Redox reactions include all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed—that is, redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between species
What does the word photosynthesis means? Light change into energy
Write the balanced equation for photosynthesis. 6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2.
List the organisms that use photosynthesis. Plants, protists, bacteria
Who are photoautotrophs? an organism that converts light into food for themselves
Where does photosynthesis occur? chlorophyll and chloroplast
Draw a chloroplast and label: thylakoid, grana and stroma.
Where do the light reactions occur? thylakoid
Where do the light independent reactions occur? stroma
Light reactions
What are the products of light reactions? NADPH2 and ATP.
Light independent (Calvin Cycle) reactions
What are the products of Calvin Cycle? 2 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) molecules. Other products of the cycle are 3 ADP, and 2 NADP+
How many of each products are produced? 2 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) molecules. Other products of the cycle are 3 ADP, and 2 NADP+
How light energy move through a chloroplast? through energy carriers
What are energy carrier molecules in photosynthesis? NADH
How are the photosynthesis reactions and cellular respiration interrelated? they both produce energy
Isotope? each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties; in particular, a radioactive form of an element
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