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Sociology 101
CLEP study guide definitions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Achieved Status | A position in society and/or group that is assumed largely through one's own doings or efforts. |
| Aggregate | A number of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time. |
| Ascribes Status | A position in society and/or group that is automatically conferred on a person. |
| Association | A type of relationship formed on the basis of an accommodation of interests of on the basis of an agreement. |
| Audience | A type of passive crowd that is both oriented and responding to a social situation in a relatively orderly and predictable way. |
| Bureaucracy | A rationally designed organization model whose goal is to perform complex tasks as efficiently as possible. |
| Causal Relationship | Exists when a change in one variable causes or forces a change in the other. |
| Characteristic Institution | The basis organization of society. |
| Charismatic Authority | Authority based on the extraordinary, uncanny, and supernatural powers or abilities that have been associated with a particular person. |
| Class | A group of people who have in common a certain relationship to the means of production. |
| Communal Relationship | A relationship that is formed on the basis of the subjective feelings of the party. |
| Conflict Paradigm | View of society as being characterized by conflict and inequality. |
| Conflict Theory | A view of the social world that questions how factors are associated with an unequal distribution of socially valued goods. |
| Contagion theory | Theory developed by Gustave Lebon. Crowds have a powerful influence. |
| Content Analysis | The quantitive or qualitive techniques employed to describe the contents of the materials. |
| Convergence Theory | A theory that individuals posses particular motivations. |
| Counterculture | Values, beliefs, and lifestyles that do not conform to the norm. |
| Craze | Collective behavior to have something because everyone else does. |
| Cultural Relativism | Social scientists efforts to be objective in their observations. |
| Deductive Theory | Proceeds from general ideas, knowledge, or understanding of the social world. |
| Division of Labor | The manner in which work is divided among individuals. |
| Dyad | The social relationship of two people in which either member's departure destroys the group. |
| Emergent norm Theory | Theory developed by Ralph Turner and Lewis Killian. |
| Endogamy | Marriage within specific groups. |
| Ethnocentrism | Attitude that one culture and values are the only true ones. |
| Exogamy | Marriage outside specific groups. |
| Folkways | The usual customs and conventions of everyday life. |
| Gemeinschaft | Ferdinand Tonnies. Small communities characterized by tradition |
| Gesellschaft | Ferdinand Tonnies. Contractual relationships of a voluntary nature of limited duration and quality. |
| Grand Theory | Talcott Parsons. Organization of concepts of society as a stable system of interrelated parts. |
| Humanistic | Approach that stresses self-realization, full development of a cultivated personality, and improvement of the human condition. |
| Independent variable | A variable that influences another variable. |
| Inductive theory | General conclusions are inferred through a process of reasoning. |
| In groups | Groups towards which a person feels he or she belongs. |
| Interaction Process Analysis | Robert Bales. Classifying ongoing activity in small groups. |
| Interpretive Theory | Studies the processes whereby human beings attach meaning to their lives. |
| Iron Law of Oligarchy | Robert Michels. Small number of specialists hold sway over an organization. |
| Kinship | Symbolic meaning or value to actual or imagined blood ties. |
| Mass Hysteria | A collective emotional response to tensions and anxiety in a group. |
| Master Status | The status with which the person is most identified. |
| Monogamy | Having one spouse at a time. |
| Mores | Strong ethical norms of a society. |
| Neolocality | When newlyweds live in a new or separate residence. |
| Out groups | Groups towards which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition. |
| Parkinsons Law | Belief that in any bureaucratic organization "work expands to fill time available for it's completion." |
| Participant Observation | Observation by a researcher who is involved in the experiment. |
| Peter Principle | Belief that in any hierarchy every employee tends to rise to his level of incompetence. |
| Post industrial Societies | Societies in which information is created, processed, and stored. |
| Primary Deviance | Behavior violating a norm |
| Primary Sector | Involved in the extraction of raw materials and natural resources. |
| Primary Socialization | The initial socialization a child receives that makes them part of society |
| The visceral sphere capable of being understood and altered. | Profane. |
| Qualitive Method | Research method that relies on personal observation to explain behavior. |
| Quantitive Method | Research method that makes us use mathematical equations and statistical thinking to solve behavior. |
| Rational legal Authority | Authority stemming from within the frameworks of a body of laws that have been dully enacted. |
| Resocialization | Discarding behavioral practices and adopting new ones as a way of life. |
| Sociology | The science that studies societies, social groups, and the relationships between people. |
| Sociometry | J.L. Moreno. Interaction in small groups. |
| Stratified Sampling | A type of sampling that uses the differences already in society. |
| Totalitarian | A form of government where there is not a limit for authority. |
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