Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Neuroscience Exam 4
TMS, Neurogenisis, Parkinsons, Alzheimers, Addiction
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Alvaro Pascual-Leone's main findings | We can change our brain anatomy simply by using our imagination. He also pioneered the use of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to make neurons fire |
| TMS | Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation |
| How does TMS work? | A current is passed through a copper coil to generate a changing magnetic field that surges into the axons of neurons, from there to the outer layer of the cerebral cortex. The changing magnetic field induces an electric current around it |
| rTMS | repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: can activate neurons so much that they excite each other and keep firing even after the original burst of rTMS has stopped |
| Tortoise and Hare Effect | Slower, more permanent 'monday' results from the formation of BRAND NEW structures. Faster, 'friday' changes are caused by the strengthening of EXISTING neuronal connections and unmask buried pathways |
| Study with braille | when applying blocking TMS to the visual cortex of braille readers to create a virtual lesion, the subjects could not read braille or feel with the braille reading finger. The better someone could read braille, the more they use their visual cortex |
| 'Easy' Problems of Consciousness -- addressed by cognitive neuroscience | -How do we perceive and react to sensory stimuli? -How do we integrate information from many sources and use this information to control our behavior? -How do we describe our mental states? |
| 'Hard' Problems of Consciousness | -What is the basis for our individual thoughts and subjective experiences? -What is the cause of our internal feelings? |
| How do we explore nervous system processes that are uniquely human? | -Elements of consciousness are not functionally definable -No theoretical replacement for Descarte's 'ghost in the machine' -The problem of correlation in neuroscience -Animal models are not possible |
| TMS -- recording data | Electricity and magnetism are related, so you can use magnetism to both record activity of the nervous system, as well as to alter activity. --The stronger the magnetic field, the deeper the penetration |
| TMS -- Proof of Principle, verifying TMS can affect the nervous system | 1.) TMS stimulation of motor cortex produces muscle twitches 2.) TMS stimulation of visual cortex (occipital lobe) produces phosphenes, that is, patterns of light (seeing stars) |
| Treating Disorders with TMS (single or dual pulse) | -We can use the known effect of TMS to the motor cortex and its effect of motor movement. -Evaluate damage from Stroke, ALS, multiple sclerosis, and motor disorders |
| Treating Disorders with rTMS (repetitive stimulation) | OCD, Tinnitus, Migraines, Major Depression, Stoke (especially aphasias), and Parkinson's Disease |
| Side Effects of TMS | -TMS causes synchronous activity of some groups of neurons -Blink reflex and sometimes scalp twitching -A 50-250 ms silencing period follows stimulation -Those effects are similar to the start of an epileptic seizure -Loud 'click' during each pulse |
| July 2011, TMS, FDA | approved for treating symptoms of major depressive disorder in patients that have not responded to anti-depressant medication |
| TMS modulating Braille reading speed | -Low levels (1Hz) of occipital lobe stimulation cortical inhibition and worse performance -Higher levels (10Hz) of stimulation, long-term plasticity improves reading speed |
| Study of Moral Judgement, which group lead to ratings of events as morally OK that most people would see as questionable? | Negative Intent leading to a neutral outcome (failed attempt to harm) |
| TMS and lying | When applied to the RIGHT dorsolateral prefrontal cortex the people lied MORE. When applied to the LEFT dorsolateral prefrontal cortex people lied LESS. |
| Stem Cells | continue to divide, making exact replicas of themselves, and can go on endlessly with no signs of aging. Described as 'eternally young' or the 'baby cells' of the brain |
| Two ways to increase the overrall number of neurons in the brain | 1.) create new neurons 2.) extending the life of existing neurons |
| Mice Study -- Most effective contributor to the proliferation of NEW neurons | Physical exercise -- running on a wheel, doubled new-neurons in the hippocampus after 1 month, anticipatory proliferation |
| Mice Study -- What extended the life of EXISTING neurons | LEARNING -- learning to use other toys, balls, and tubes |
| Cognitive Reserve | networks devoted to mental activity that we can call upon as our brains decline |
| Cognitive Reserve subjects 14-30 | largely utilized TEMPORAL LOBES, more education, more utilization |
| Cognitive Reserve subjects 65+ | largely utilized FRONTAL lobes, more education, more utilization |
| Rejuvenating effects of Physical Activity | creates new neurons, the mind is based in the brain and the brain needs oxygen///strengthens heart and blood vessels that supply the brain///stimulates the production and release of the neuronal growth factor BDNF (crucial in plastic change) |
| What is the fastest form of brain atrophy, why? | Being immobilized in the same environment. The monotony undermines our dopamine and attentional systems crucial to maintaining brain plasticity. |
| What strengthens neurons? | Challenging mental activities increase the liklihood that our hippocampal neurons will survive. |
| Why is the Hippocampus Important? | Critical brain region for spatial learning and memory |
| Eric Kandel -- The key to plasticity | The key to plasticity is changes at the SYNAPSE |
| Advantages of using Aplysia for experiments | -Total nervous system ~20,000 neurons -Many neurons are large and easy to record -Across animals, the same neuron is easily identified -Limited behaviors |
| What have we learned from Aplysia | Habituation: becoming less responsive///Sensitization: becoming more responsive///Memory: short and long term changes in behavior |
| Presynaptic Plasticity | More or less neurotransmitter RELEASE |
| Postsynaptic Plasticity | More or less neurotransmitter RECEPTORS IN SYNAPSE |
| LTP | Long Term Potentiation of Synaptic Strength |
| LTP: cellular basis of learning and memory | Exhibits specificity and associative properties |
| SHORT TERM changes in NEURONAL PLASTICITY require | the modulation of pre-existing proteins (changes in neurotransmitter release, localization of neurotransmitter receptors) |
| LONG TERM changes in NEURONAL PLASTICITY require | fundamental changes in the synapse (more or less) |
| What is Parkinson's Disease named after? | James Parkinson, an English doctor in 1817 |
| Four components of the Basal Ganglia | Striatum, Globus Pallidus, Substantia Nigra, and subthalamic nucleus |
| Striatum | largest compent of the Basal Ganglia, comprised of CAUDATE and NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS |
| Globus Pallidus | involved in the regulation of voluntary movement |
| Substantia Nigra | important for reward, addiction and movement, contains dopamine producing cells |
| subthalamic nucleus | function not well understood, may be in involved in action selection |
| What is Parkinson's Disease? | Degenerative central nervous system disorder resulting from the death of dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra. (no release from inhibition) |
| Signs and Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease -- MOTOR | Tremors (most common, effects most distal part of limb), Bradykinesia (difficulty planning, initiating, and executing movement. Also most disabling symptom of early stages), Rigidity, Postural Instability, Shuffing Gait |
| Signs and Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease -- Neuropsychiatric | Disturbances in executive function (planning, cognitive flexibility, abstract thinking, rule acquisition, inhibiting inappropriate actions), slowed cognitive speed, memory deficits, and increased risk (2-6x greater) of Dementia |
| Who gets Parkinson's? | 1/100 people over 60, mostly men |
| Risk Factors of Parkinson's Disease | Age, head injury, and pesticide exposure |
| Protective Factors of Parkinson's Disease | Caffeine, Nicotine |
| What causes Parkinson's? | It is idiopathic - no single cause///no biomarkers///usually diagnosed by neurologist based on symptom examination and medicated alleviation of symptoms |
| Genetic Factors that affect Parkinson's | RARE cases where a single mutation leads to PD -- Alpha synuclein -- a protein that is a major component of lewy bodies. Genetic mutation leads to an overproduction of Alpha synuclein |
| Environmental Factors that affect Parkinson's | RARE cases where exposure to particular environmental toxins lead to PD. Isolated groups who took recreational opiate use contaminated with MPTP lead to the rapid onset (1 week) of PD. |
| Treatments for Parkinson's Disease | Levodopa -- LDOPA, Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), Ablative Brain Surgery, Focal Radiation (Gamma Knife) |
| Levodopa | LDOPA///converted to dopamine in the brain///most widely used treatment for the past 30 years///many undesirable side effects (nausea, joint stiffness, excessive libido, diskineias [tics], psychosis [schizophrenic like behavior]) |
| Deep Brain Stimulation | DBS -- used for patients with advanced PD whom drugs are no longer working for///stimulating electrode placed into areas that are DOWNSTREAM substantia nigra (globus pallidus and thalamus or subthalamic nucleus) |
| Ablative Brain Surgery | RARELY used today, surgical ablation of brain tissue in the globus pallidus, thalamus/// if motor symptoms are on one side, surgical destruction of the globus pallidus on the opposite side can improve symptoms, however bilateral destruction irreversible |
| Focal Radiation | "Gamma Knife" -- powerful, highly focused gamma radiation into specific area |
| What is coming for Parkinson's Treatment? | Neural Transplantation, Gene Therapy, Vaccine Against alpha-synuclein |
| Neural Transplantation | cells are injected into the substantia nigra in hope that they will incorporate themselves into the brain and replace dopamine-producing cells (stem cells, fetal animal cells, retinal cells) |
| Gene Therapy | uses a non infectious virus to shuttle a gene into a part of the brain -- AADC an enzyme that converts LDOPA into dopamine -- Neurturin a compound that protects cells in substantia nigra |
| Vaccine against alpha synuclein | produces antibodies that bind alpha synuclein and clear it from the brain |
| Fundamental Components of the Aging Process | Damage from oxidative stress///diminished ability to detoxify free radicals///decline in mitochondrial function///accumulation of injurious proteins///diminished cell signaling///diminished lipids (fat) --- all these lead to decreased integrity/cell death |
| Causes and description of Alzheimer's Disease | Beta-Amyloid plaques - protein fragments that build up in the space between neurons///Tau-Tangles - tangles of a protein called Tau that builds up inside of cells |
| Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease | Probably diagnosis ~90%---- spinal tap, PET or MRI scans, cognitive tests, patient history looking for differences in the HIPPOCAMPUS and TEMPORAL LOBE |
| Ways to maintain cognitive function while aging | Physical exercise (increases size of the hippocampus and improves memory), mental exercise, and nutrition |
| What are 'Mental Exercises'? | Activities that require you to use all your senses, break your routines, and engage in novel experiences///activities that involve planning (stimulate the frontal lobe), spatial skills (ballroom dancing/basketball), new language, painting |
| Components of Good nutrition for Improved Cognition | Polyphenols from antioxidant rich fruits and vegetables (plants with rich colors), DHA rich foods, Olive Oil, Mediterranean Diet (high fruits and veg. and monounsaturated fats, low red meat), Polynunsaturated fats (walnuts, fish), moderate wine/alcohol |
| What is Addiction? | A chronic relapsing brain disease, severely alters brain areas critical to decision making, learning and memory, and behavior control for long periods of time |
| DSM-IV Substance Abuse Criteria Definition | A maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to significant impairment or distress as manifested by ONE(or more) criteria |
| DSM-IV Substance Abuse Criteria (4) | 1.) Recurrent substance use resulting in failure to fulfill major role obligations 2.)Use in situations in which it is physically hazardous 3.) recurrent substance related legal problems 4.) continued use despite having persistent social problems from use |
| DSM-IV Substance Dependence Criteria Definition | A maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment by THREE(or more) in a 12 month period |
| DSM-IV Substance Dependence Criteria | 1.) Tolerance 2.)Withdrawal 3.)Substance taken in larger amounts over a longer period of time 4.) Persistent desire and unsuccessful efforts to control abuse 5.)time spent obtaining 6.)given up opportunities because of use 7.) using knowing their problem |
| Top Three Drug Dependences | 1.) Marijuana - 4,165,000 2.) Pain Relivers - 1,768,000 3.) Cocaine - 821,000 |
| Risk Factors for Addiction | Genetics, Gender, Adolescence, Mental Disorders, Route/Pattern of Drug Administration, Early life stress/abuse, community/social acceptance, personality traits |
| #1 Risk factor for Addiction | Making the voluntary choice to do drugs |
| Why do people take drugs? | to feel good, to feel better, to do better, curiosity |
| Physiological Drug Tolerance | The liver gets more efficient at breaking down the drug before it gets to the brain |
| Cellular Drug Tolerance | Plasticity in nerve cells make them less responsive to the drug |
| Sensitization | The same dose of the drug produces a much stronger action, (more so than tolerance is the basis for addiction) |
| The Drug Addiction Pathway | Ventral Tegmental Area --- Nucleus Accumbens --- Prefrontal Cortex |
| Physiology of the Drug Addiction Pathway | All drugs that people abuse have the same property of activating neurons of the ventral tegmentum to release dopamine in the nucleus accumbens///DENDRITIC SPINES FROM REPEATED ABUSE |
| Marijuana affects of blood flow to the brain | Decreases blood flow to the Amygdala (attention to surroundings) and increases blood flow to the Hypothalamus (feeding and regulation) |
Created by:
595032255
Popular Neuroscience sets