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USMLE
Neuro 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the causes of seizures in children? | genetic, infection, congenital, trauma, metabolic |
| what are the causes of seizures in adults? | tumors, trauma, stroke, infection |
| what are the causes of seizures in elderly? | stroke, tumor, trauma, metabolic, infection |
| this type of seizures involves one area of the brain | partial |
| rupture of middle meningeal artery causing an epidural hematoma is often secondary to what? | fracture of temporal bone |
| what does CT show in epidural hematoma? | biconvex disk not crossing suture lines |
| what kind of intracranial hemorrhage is most likely to be seen in a shaken baby, elderly person, or alcoholic? | subdural hematoma - rupture of bridging veins |
| this type of intracranial hemorrhage is caused by hypertension, amyloid angiopathy, DM, and tumor | parenchymal hematoma |
| what does CT show in the case of subdural hematoma? | crescent-shaped hemorrhage that crosses suture lines |
| what is the drug of choice for status epilepticus? | diazepam |
| what is the most common site of obstruction causing hydrocephalus? | aqueduct of sylvius |
| what is the underlying lesion in retinopathy of prematurity? | inappropriate proliferation of vessels in the inner layers of the retina |
| location at the junction of cortical gray and white matter is typical for what type of tumor? | metastatic; round shape is also characteristic |
| progressive dementia with diffuse loss of deep hemispheric white matter? | subcortical leukoencephalopathy - Binswanger disease - one of the neurologic syndromes associated with hypertension |
| what degenerative disorder is characterized by ophthalmoplegia, pseudobulbar palsy, axial dystonia, and bradykinesia? | progressive supranuclear palsy - widespread neuronal loss and gliosis in subcortical sites with sparing of the cerebral and cerebellar cortices |
| confusion, ataxia, vestibular dysfunction, sluggish pupillary light reflexes, anisocoria, and oculomotor dysfunction are acute sympmtoms as what? | Wernicke's syndrome - thiamine deficiency usually second to chronic alcohol abuse chronic form includes anterograde amnesia and confabulation and is called Wernicke-Korsakoff |
| syringomyelia is often associated with what? | Arnold-Chiari malformation, in which there is a congenital protrusion of the cerebellum and medulla through the foramen magnum |
| this type of benign tumor often involves the lateral ventricles of young boys | choroid plexus papilloma - can affect the caudate because it comprises part of the wall of the lateral ventricle |
| atrophy of the caudate and putamen can make what look large on imaging? | ventricles |
| a pituitary tumor that expands laterally will first affect what? | abducens nerve |
| lesion of the right parietal lobe will cause what? | sensory neglect syndrome of left side (most common pattern in right handed patients) |
| what is the most common primary brain tumor? | glioblastoma multiforme - grade IV astrocytoma |
| what stains astrocytes? | GFAP |
| this type of tumor has 'pseudopalisading cells' that border central areas of necrosis and hemorrhage | glioblastoma multiforme |
| this type of brain tumor has spindle cells concentrically arranged in a whorled pattern' psammoma bodies (laminated calcifications) | meningioma |
| this is the second most common type of brain tumor - most often occurs in convexities of hemispheres and parasagittal region | meningioma |
| from what does a meningioma arise? | arachnoid cells external to brain |
| this is the third most common primary brain tumor - originates from Schwann cells | Schwannoma - often localized to 8th nerve (acoustic neuroma) |
| this tpe of tumor contains 'fried egg' cells | oligodendroglioma - often calcified |
| where are oligodendrogliomas most frequently found? | frontal lobes |
| the majority of adult primary tumors are located where? | supratentorial |
| the majory of childhood primary tumors are found where? | infratentorial |
| this tumor has a peak incidence in childhood - diffusely infiltrating glioma, most often found in posterior fossa; benign with good prognosis | pilocytic (low-grade) astrocytoma |
| this type of childhood peak incidence brain tumor has Rosenthal fibers - eosinophilic, corkscrew fibers | pilocytic (low-grade) astrocytoma |
| this is a highly malignant cerebellar tumor & a form of primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET); found primarily in children; can compress the 4th ventricle to cause hydrocephalus | medulloblastoma |
| this type of childhood tmor contains rosettes or perivascular pseudorosete pattern of cells & is radiosensitive | medulloblastoma |
| where are ependymomas most commonly found? what is the prognosis? | 4th ventricle; poor prognosis |
| foamy cells and high vascularity are characteristic of what type of childhood-predominant tumor? | hemangioblastoma |
| this type of brain tumor is associated with von Hippel-Lindau | hemangioblastoma |
| this type of tumor shows characteristic perivascular pseudorosettes; rod-shaped blepharoplasts are found near the nucleus | ependymoma |
| this type of child-predominant tumor can produce EPO, leading to secondary polycythemia | hemangioblastoma |
| this is a benign childhood tumor, confused with pituitary adenoma | craniopharyngioma |
| this is the most common childhood supratentorial tumor | craniopharyngioma |
| where does syringomyelia most commonly occur? | C8-T1 |
| contralateral paralysis of lower face only | lesion of motor cortex or connection between cortex and facial nucleus (UMN CN VII) |
| cingulate herniation under falx cerebri can compress what? | anterior cerebral artery |
| what results with downward transtentorial (central) herniation? | coma and death - if compress brainstem |
| ipsilateral dilated pupil/ptosis in uncal herniation results from what? | stretching of CN III |
| contralateral homonymous hemianopia in uncal hernaition results from what? | compression of ipsilatearal posterior cerebral artery |
| ipsilateral paresis in uncal herniation results from what? | compression of contralateral crus cerebri (Kernohan's notch) |
| Duret hemorrhages - paraemdian artery rupture in uncal herniation results from what? | caudal displacement of brain stem |
| lesion in MLF results in what on attempted lateral gaze? | medial rectus palsy; nystagmus is seen in the abducting eye; convergence is normal |
Created by:
Asclepius
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