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Chapter 4
Psychology vocabs
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Developmental psychology | a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span. |
| zygote | the fertilized eggs; -enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo |
| embryo | the developing human organism from 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month |
| fetus | the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth |
| teratogens | agents(invaders), such as chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm |
| fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) | physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions. |
| rooting reflex | a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to open the mouth and search for nipple. |
| habituation | decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. |
| maturation | biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience. |
| Schema | a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information. |
| assimilation | interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas |
| accommodation | adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information. |
| cognition | all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing , remembering, and communicating. |
| sensorimotor stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. Ex.(looking, touching, mouthing, grasping. |
| object permanence | the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived. |
| preoperational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage( from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age.) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. ex.(representing things with words and images but lacking logic.) |
| conservation | the principle (which Plaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and numbers remain the same despite the changes in the forms of objects. |
| egocentrism | in Piaget's theory, the inability of preoperational child to take another's point of view. |
| theory of mind | people's ideas about their own and other's mental states- about their feelings, perceptions and thoughts and the behavior these might predict. |
| autism | a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others state of mind. |
| concrete operational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. |
| Formal operational stage | in Piaget's theory, the state of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people began to think logically about abstract concepts. |
| Stranger anxiety | the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age. |
| attachment | an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to caregiver and showing distress on seperation |
| Critical period | an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development. |
| Imprinting | the process by which certain animal forms attachments during a critical period very early in life. |
| basic trust | according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers, |
| adolescene | the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence. |
| puberty | the period of sexual maturation , during which a person becomes capable of reproducing |
| primary sex characteristics | the body structures (Ovaries,testes, and external genitalia) that makes sexual reproduction possible. |
| secondary sex characteristics. | non reproductive sexual characteristics such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair. |
| menarche | the first menstrual period (a period where one has a mixture of feelings- pride, excitement, embarrassment, and apprehension,) |
| Identity | one's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles |
| Intimacy | in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood. |
| Menopause | the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to biological changes a women experiences as her ability to reproduce declines. |
| Alzheimer's disease | a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and finally, physical functioning. |
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