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Pharmacology
Important information
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is an agonist? | An extrinsic drug that activates the receptor site of a cell and mimics the actions of naturally occurring drugs (intrinsic drugs). |
| What is bioavailability? | The percentage of a drug that actually reaches the blood. |
| What is duration of action? | The length of time a drug is present in the blood at or above the level needed to produce an effect or response. |
| What is the enteral route? | Movement of drugs from the outside of the body to the inside using the gastrointestinal tract. |
| What is the first pass effect? | Rapid inactivation or elimination of oral drugs as a result of liver metabolism. |
| What is half-life? | Time span needed for one half of a drug dose to be eliminated. |
| What is a loading dose? | The first dose of a drug that is larger than all subsequent doses of the same drug; used when it takes more drug to reach steady state than it does to maintain it. |
| What is minimum effective concentration (NEC)? | The smallest amount of drug necessary in the blood or target tissue to result in a measurable intended effect. |
| What is parenteral route? | Movement of a drug from the outside of the body to the inside of the body by injection (intra-arterial, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intracavity, intraosseous, intrathecal). |
| What is the percutaneous route? | Movement of a drug from the outside of the body to the inside through the skin or mucous membranes. |
| What is pharmacodynamics? | Ways in which drugs work to change body functions. |
| What is pharmacokinetics? | How the body changes drugs:drug metabolism. |
| What is potency? | The strength of the intended action produced at a given drug dose. |
| What are receptors? | Physical place on or in a cell where a drug can bind and interact. |
| What is steady state? | Point at which drug elimination is balanced with drug entry, resulting in a constant effective blood level of the drug. |
| What is target tissue? | The actual cells or tissues affected by the mechanism of action or intended actions of a specific drug. |
| What is trough? | The lowest or minimal blood drug level. |
| What is the normal values for Albumin? | 3.5 - 5.0 g/dL |
| What is the normal value for bilirubin? | 0.1 - 1.0 mg/dL |
| What is the normal value for blood urea nitrogen (BUN)? | 10 -20 mg/dL |
| What is the normal value for Creatinine? | Males: 0.6 - 1.3 mg/dL Females: 0.5 -1 mg/dL |
| What is the normal value for Sodium? | 135 - 145 mEq/L |
| What is the normal value for potassium? | 3.5 - 5 mEq/L |
| What is the range for red blood cells? | Women: 4.2 to 5.4 million/mm3 Men: 4.7 to 6.7 million/mm3 |
| What is the range for platelets? | 150,000 to 400,000/mm3 |
| What is the range for hematocrit? | Women; 37% to 47% Men 42% to 45% |
| What is the range for hemoglobin? | Women: 12 - 16 g/dL Men: 14 - 18 g/dL |
| What is the onset of action? | The length of time it takes for a drug to start to work. |
| What is a STAT order? | An order written to administer a drug once and as soon as possible. |
| What is activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)? | Plasma coagulation test developed for monitoring the effects of unfractionated heparin, in which plasma coagulation is activated in two steps. |
| What is an anticoagulant? | A drug used to prevent clot formation or to prevent a clot that has already formed from getting bigger. |
| What is an antiplatelet drug? | A drug that prevents platelets from forming plugs that lead to clots. |
| What are clotting factor synthesis inhibitors? | Drugs that decrease the production of clotting factors in the liver. |
| What is coagulation? | The process by which a blood clot forms. |
| What is an embolus? | Something that travels through the bloodstream, lodges in a blood vessel, and blocks its blood flow (for example, a detached blood clot, a clump of bacteria, or foreign material such as air). |
| What is fibrin? | The protein formed during normal blood clotting that is the essence of the clot? |
| What is international normalized ratio (INR)? | A system established for reporting the results of warfarin anticoagulation. |
| What are platelets? | Irregular disk-shaped elements in the blood that help with blood clotting. |
| What is a pulmonary embolism? | An embolus that travels to the lungs and can be life threatening. |
| What are thrombin inhibitors? | Drugs that interfere with blood clotting by blocking the action of thrombin, which converts fibrinogen to fibrin to form clots. |
| What is a thrombolytic? | A drug that breaks a clot that has already formed. Fibrinolytic drugs are a class of thrombolytic. |
| What is a thrombus? | A blood clot in a blood vessel or within the heart. |
| What is a venous thromboembolism (VTE)? | A condition in which there is a clot in a vein. It may be referred to as a deep vein thrombosis. |
| What are the ranges for aPTT? | Normal range: mean normal range established in seconds by laboratory Therapeutic range: 1.5 - 2.5 times mean normal range |
| What are the ranges for INR? | Normal range: 0.8 - 1.2 Therapeutic range: 2.0 - 3.0 |
| What are direct thrombin inhibitors? | Ones given intravenously to prevent clot formation or embolic complications: Argatroban, Angiomax, Refludan |
| What do ESAs do? | Erythropoiesis stimulating agents make the bone marrow increase production of RBSc. |
| What do TSAs do? | Thrombopoiesis stimulating agents are more specific for stimulating bone marrow to increase production of platelets. |
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