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Nason Ch 4
Development Through the Life Span Vocab
| Vocab Word | Definition |
|---|---|
| Developmental Psychology | a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social changes throughout the life span |
| Zygote | the fertilized egg; it enters a two week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo |
| Embryo | the developing human organism from about two weeks after fertilization through the second month |
| Fetus | the developing human organism from nine weeks after conception to birth |
| Teratogen | agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm |
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions |
| Rooting Reflex | a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn towards the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple |
| Hibituation | decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner |
| Maturation | biological growth processes that enables orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experiments |
| Schema | a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information |
| Assimilation | interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas |
| Accomodation | adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information |
| Cognition | all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
| Sensorimotor Stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about two years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities |
| Object Permanence | the awareness that things continue to exist even when not percieved |
| Preoperational Stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic |
| Conservation | the principle (which Piaget believed to be part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects |
| Egocentrism | the Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking other's points of view |
| Theory of Mind | people's ideas about their own and others' mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behaviors these may predict |
| Autism | a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind |
| Concrete Operational Stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enables them to think logically about concrete events |
| Formal Operational Stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts |
| Stranger Anxiety | the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age |
| Attatchment | an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on seperation |
| Critical Period | an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development |
| Imprinting | the process by which certain animals form attatchments during a critical period very early in life |
| Basic Trust | according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers |
| Self-Concept | a sense of one's identity and personal worth |
| Adolescence | the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independance |
| Puberty | the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing |
| Primary Sex Characteristics | the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genetalia) that make sexual reproduction possible |
| Secondary Sex Characteristics | nonreproductive sexual chacteristics, such as female breasts and hips or male voice quality and body hair |
| Menarche | the first menstral period |
| Identity | one's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles |
| Intimacy | in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships, a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early childhood |
| Menopause | the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines |
| Alzheimer's Disease | a progressive and irreverable brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning |
| Cross-Sectional Study | a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another |
| Longitudinal Study | research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period |
| Crystallized Intelligence | one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age |
| Fluid Intelligence | one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood |
| Social Clock | the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement |
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