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7th Science
Fish, Reptiles, and Amphibians - Chapter 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cold-blooded | Regulate their temperature by external means |
| Fish | Aquatic vertebrates possessing gills, fins, and scales |
| Ichthyologists | Scientists who study fish |
| Fish have glands in their skin that secrete a protective layer of slimy ______ to reduce _____. | mucus,drag |
| Lobe-finned fish | Have webbed rays attached to the body by a lobe; Lungfish and coelacanths |
| Fins | Distinguish fish from other vertebrae |
| Name the two groups bony fish are divided into. | Ray-finned fish, lobe-finned fish |
| Caudal fin | Sticks out from the fish's tail and is used as a propeller |
| What type of fins help stabilize the fish while swimming | dorsal, anal |
| Dorsal fin(s) | The prominent fin on the top of the fish |
| Anal fin | The fin behind the pelvic fin |
| Pelvic fin | Located below the pectoral fins on the fish's underside; act as rudders, paddles, and brakes |
| Pectoral fins | Located on the sides of the fish beteen the gills |
| What are Rays (spines) made of? | Thin rods of bone or cartilage |
| Ray-finned fish | Include most bony fish, posses fins made of webs of skin supported by rays or spines |
| Scales | Bony overlapping plates that protrude from the fish's skin |
| What are the four basic scale shapes? | Placoid, Ganoid, cycloid, ctenoid |
| Myomeres | The W shaped bands in a fish's body; The Part of a fish that is eaten; powerful Skeletal muscles |
| Gills | Fish uses these to extract oxygen from the water |
| What sucks the oxygen out of the water in the gills? | gill filaments |
| As the fish takes in water through its mount, the water is filtered by the gill filaments before exiting the ____ _____. | gill slits |
| Operculum | hard, movable plate that protects and cover all the dilicate respiratory anatomy |
| Fish have a ____-_________ heart with one ______ and one _________. | two-chambered, atrium, ventricle |
| In most fish, the mouth, throat, esophagus, and stomach make a _______ ______ so that the prey can be swallowed ______. | straight line, whole |
| Fry | Young fish |
| Livebearers | Fish that give birth to live young |
| Swim bladder | A large gas-filled organ located high in the fish's body that allows the fish to stay suspended in any debth of water |
| What are the two ways fish produce light? | A light producing organ called the photophore or from bacteria that is bioluminescent [capable of glowing] |
| Electric organs | Some fish use this to generate electricity |
| Spawning | To lay large quantities of eggs in the water. |
| Anus | Where solid wastes are removed from the fish |
| Gas glands | Introduce a heavy gas (carbon dioxide) into the bladder to pressurize it so it does not collapse; this allows the fish to float at its new depth |
| Roe | Eggs |
| Milt | A fluid that contains the sperm that a male fish releases when he swims over the roe |
| Sharks | Chondrichthians with a body design similar to bony fish |
| What are the differences between sharks and fish? | Sharks lack a swim bladder, have more complex reproductive systems, and have gill slits without operculums |
| Denticles, what group of scales are they? | Placoid scales that sharks are covered with; they do not overlap like most fish scales do |
| Spiracles | Paired holes for inhalation that a shark has behind their eyes |
| Describe a batoid. | Cartilaginous fish with flattened bodies |
| What does the Batoid order include? (4) | True rays, electric rays, skates, and sawfish |
| What are the "big three" attacking sharks? | The great white, the bull, and the tiger shark. |
| Pups | Shark young |
| Mermaid's purse | A rigid capsule that has long tendrils coming off the ends that carries eggs |
| Neutrally buoyant | To neither rise or sink but remain at the current depth; Sharks can almost accomplish this |
| Great White Shark | The biggest carnivorous fish |
| Eye shine | Caused when an animal has reflective plates lining its eyes, which allows the animal to more fully use any available light |
| True rays | Have broad bodies and generally have long, whip-like tails, most are marine bottom-dwellers |
| Stingray | A true ray that is non aggressive, has a venomous barb on its tail, is responsible for more injuries to people than all other fish combined |
| Skates | Non-venomous batoids with long noses |
| Electric ray [torpedo] | It kills its prey with electric charges generated by special organs located behind each eye |
| Rostrum | A long saw-fish nose that is long and cartilaginous with sharp tooth-like projections |
| Sawfish | A cartilaginous fish that looks like a shark but behaves like a ray |
| Chimeras | Bottom dwellers that are found in temperate ocean water, that have a bulky head and large eyes |
| What are the three families within the Chimeras? | Short-nosed, long nosed, and plow-nosed chimeras |
| Short-nosed Chimaras [ratfish] | Found in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, and have rounded or cone-shaped noses |
| Plow-nosed chimeras [elephant fish] | Have trunk like noses |
| Long-nosed chimeras [spookfish] | Not much is known about them because the inhabit the deepest water have pointed or paddle shaped noses |
| Class Cycostomata | Hagfish and Lampreys |
| Hagfish and lampreys | Cartilaginous fish with and eel-like appearance; lack jaws, bones, scales, and fins but have pore-like gill openings |
| Slime glands | Hagfish possess these; excrete slime making the hagfish hard to hold, able to suffocate prey, ward off predators, and line burrow walls |
| Reptiles (name the five groups) | Coldblooded vertebrates that include lizards, crocodilians, snakes, turtles, and tuataras |
| Herpetologists | The scientists who study reptiles and amphibians |
| Keratinized | To harden with keratin |
| Amnion | A special protective layer that protects a reptile's eggs |
| Lizards | The most numerous reptiles; diverse and found in every climate, are mostly found in hot climates |
| Gecko | small, flat-bodied lizards that are nocturnal insectivores and highly vocal |
| The Komodo dragon | The largest lizard |
| Chromatophores | Color containing cells beneath the skin of some species of lizards, which allows them to change color |
| Regenerate | To grow back |
| Gila monsters | One of the two venomous lizards [the other one is the Mexican beaded lizard] |
| Spectacle | Geckos have this immovable, transparent eye covering |
| Iguanids | A herbivorous lizard group found throughout North and South America composed of iguanas and other similar species |
| Dewlaps | Ornamental crests, frills, and throat fans |
| Anoles | Common lizards usually green or brown |
| Marine iguana | The only lizard to have a truly aquatic life style |
| Chameleons | Arboreal lizards found primarily in Africa and Madagascar |
| Skinks | Lizards with elongated bodies covered in smalll, overlapping scales |
| Snakes | Legless reptiles with a unique body design |
| What are the four way snakes move? | Lateral undulation, concertina movement, sidewinding movement, and rectinlinear movement |
| Lateral undulation | One way snakes move; accomplished by the snake following an S shape and exerting force against surface irrugualraites |
| Rectilinear movement | The snake alternately stretches and shortens its body segments, allowing portions of its belly to rest on the ground while other areas are lifted up and stretched forward; slow but effective for stalking prey |
| Concertina movement | The snakes acts like an accordion it coils back and forth |
| Sidewinding movement | When a snake lifts its body off the ground and throws it sideways; this is done on sandy surfaces |
| Molt | To shed skin |
| Jacobson's organ | A cavity that allows the snake to ssmell |
| To consume the large meals that snakes catch, they were given a set of ________-_________ jaws. | Double-hinged |
| Clutches | Snake litters |
| Venom | A poisonus liquid containg enxymes and chemicals that destroy portions of the body |
| Fangs | Long grooved or hollow teeth designed to inject venom in their victim, snakes that have poison have this type of teeth |
| Hemotoxic venom | Works more slowly that Neurotoxin venom; Makes the victims's red blood cells in the circulatroy system burst |
| Neurotoxic venom | Attacks the nervous system, causing blindness and paralyzing the diaghragm so that the victim suffocates |
| Antivenin | Medicine designed to counteract snake venom |
| Constrictors | Slow-moving snaks that coil around their prey and squeeze [constrict] until they die |
| Name two groups of constrictor snakes. | The boa and the python |
| Pythons are one of the few snakes that _______ their eggs. | brood |
| Boas are generally found in the ____ _______. | New World |
| Colubrids | The largest group of snakes |
| Blind snakes | The world's smallest snakes; burrow through the ground by pushing through the dirt with their hardened skull |
| What are the two common families of poisonous snakes? | Vipers and elapids |
| Kraits | The Asian elapids that have huge venom glands that can be 1/3 the length of their body |
| Sea snakes | A group of marine elapids found in Asia and the Pacific Ocean |
| Coral snake | What North and South American snakes belonging to the elapids family belongs to |
| The viper family is divided into two groups: the _____ ____ ______ and the ____ ______. | Old World vipers, pit vipers |
| Pit organ | A special depression on the front of their head between their eyes and nostrils; detect temperature changes and allow the snake to locate warm bodies in the dark; Pit Vipers (Like the rattlesnake) have this |
| Turtles | The only reptiles with shells` |
| Plastron | covers the abdomen of a turtle's shell |
| Carapace | Covers the back of the turtle |
| Scutes | The "squares" on a turtles shell |
| Marine turtles | Have paddle-like limbs and rarely come on land except to lay eggs |
| Snapping turtles | Common fresh-water turtles found throughout the Americas that have a nasty bite |
| Tortoise | Turtles that only live on land and have elephant-like feet |
| Crocodilians | Include crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gavials; the largest living reptiles |
| Crocodiles | Swift and aggressive predators that are the largest (living) reptiles |
| Alligators and caimans are ___ __________ and ____ ________ to humans and animals than crocodiles are. | less aggressive, less dangerous |
| Gavials are found only in _____ and ______. | India and Burma |
| Tuataras | Nocturnal, lizard-like animals that are classified by themselves |
| Parietal eye | A third eye tuataras have located on the top of their skull |
| Sir Richard Owen | Coined dinosaurs their name; Dinosaurs means "terrible lizard" |
| Therapods | Carnivorous dinosaurs that walked on two legs |
| Sauropods | Large herbivorous animals that have elephantine leggs and leaf shaped teeth |
| Pterosaurs | Dinosaurs that have a similar body structure to bats |
| Pliosaurs and plesiosaurs | Giant dinosaurs that were of the sea with paddle shaped feet and legs |
| Amphibians | Cold-blooded, vertebrates that are mostly terrestrial but live near water and spend an important part of their life cycle in it |
| Tetrapods | Four legged animals |
| Metamporphosis | The changing of an immature hatchling which does not resemble its parents into and adult which looks like others of that species |
| Where are Salamanders found; describe a salamander | Found worldwide in moisture-rich temperate and tropical regions; elongated bodies that possess a distinct head and neck and usually a long tail |
| What three categories are Salamanders divided into based on their reproduction? Describe where the groups live and breed. | 1. Wholly terrestrial- Live on land and lay their clutches in batches of 20-30 eggs on land 2. Wholly aquatic- live in the water and lay clutches of up to 5000 eggs in the water 3. Newts - amphibious salamanders that live on land but return to the water |
| Newts | Amphibious-Live on land but return to the water for breeding batches of 100-400 eggs |
| Efts | The Juvenile form of a newt; they look similar to adults and live on land |
| Sirens | A unique group of Salamanders that live in shallow water as active predators |
| Estivation | A type of dormancy that sirens will do during a dry season |
| Frogs and toads | Amphibians with strong bodies connected to the head without a neck |
| Amurans | The group frogs and toads belong to |
| Tadpoles | The larvea of frogs and toads |
| A miniature frog adult | Froglet or toadlet |
| Caecilians | Amphibians that are long bodied and limbless; looks like worms and snakes |
| Why are caecilians not classified with worms or snakes? | They are not classified with worms because they have vertebrae and are not classified with snakes because they lack scales |
| Annuli | Folds or rings in the caecilians's body |
| Dermatophagy | Process in which the mothers grows a fatty layer of skin every three days for the young to consume (only caecilians do this) |
| What three sections is the fish divided into | The head, the tail, and the trunk |
| What are the thin rods that are the "bones" of the fin | Rays (or spines) |
| Ray-Finned Fish | Includes most bony fish, possess fins made of web supported by spines |
| Lobe | a single bone surrounded by muscle that supports the webbing of a fin |
| What is system of nerve endings that extend over the fish's head and sides, allowing the fish to sense vibration and pressure changes | The Lateral Line |
| What are the two divisions of cartilaginous fish? | chondrichthyes (Those with Jaws) and cyclostomata (Jawless) |
| What is the primary difference between skates and true rays? | Skates lay eggs True rays don't |
| What are hagfish best known for | Their scavenging ability, a hagfish will enter a dying fish and eat out its insides, it is so effective a fish on a hook will be ruined if a hagfish sees it |
| Lampreys | Parasites that have a sucking organ and will attach themselves to the sides of fish, found in both fresh and salt water |
| What are the four characteristics of reptiles | Their skeleton continues to grow their entire lifetime, their ribs extend the length of the body, they have scales which cover their entire body, they also are cold-blooded |
| How many species of lizards care for their eggs | Only five species of lizards care for their eggs |
| What is the name of the smallest lizard | a Jaragua Sphaero |
| What are the two types of snake venom? | Neorotoxic and hemotoxic |
| Placoid | scales that are teeth shaped |
| Ganoid | scales that are diamond shaped |
| Cycloid | scales that are round and smooth |
| Ctenoid | scales that are round with sharp barbs |
Created by:
nelsonclan
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