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Endocrine – Awesome
Random problems
Question | Answer |
---|---|
what is the only oral hypoglycemic that has a mortality benefit | metformin |
what oral hypoglycemic should you NOT use in CAD | glipizide (sulfonylurea) |
which oral hypoglycemics should you NOT use in CHF? | glitazones; metformin you stop at NHYA class III and IV |
islet cell and glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody titers | anti-GAD, distinguish between DM1 and DM2 |
α-lipoic acid treats what | painful diabetic neuropathy |
What can lower testosterone levels | Many drugs, including opioids, high-dose corticosteroids, and hormonal therapies, can lower testosterone levels. should discontinue these and recheck levels. |
evaluation of BL gynecomastia | 1) estrogen:testosterone ratio first. If estradiol is high, 2) testicular US r/o neoplasm 3) adrenal US r/o adrenal neoplasm 4) chest CT r/o tumor secreting β-human chorionic gonadotropin–secreting mediastinal tumor |
how to manage an incidental sellar mass | assessment for hormone hypersecretion, including evaluation for acromegaly (IGF-1), Cushing syndrome (AM cortisol), and a prolactinoma- prolactin measurement - serum |
who should get testosterone therapy | limited to patients with clinical symptoms and signs consistent with androgen deficiency and a subnormal serum testosterone level (generally an 8 AM total testosterone level <200 ng/dL [7 nmol/L]). |
adrenal incidentaloma that is 6 cm in size or larger and has a high CT attenuation value - what to do | resect because high probability of malignancy. The risk of primary or metastatic cancer is nearly 2% for tumors less than 4 cm in diameter but increases to 25% for tumors 6 cm or larger. |
elevated serum calcium and calcitonin levels, and multiple plasmacytoid-appearing cells on fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy of the nodule | medullary thyroid cancer |