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Anatomy- Section 2.9
The Respiratory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The respiratory system provides a passage for ____, a gas necessary for energy production, to enter the body and for ____ ____, a waste product of the body's metabolism, to exit. | oxygen, carbon dioxide |
| ____ requires a patent, open airway as well as adequate respiratory function. | Respiration |
| ____ is the exchange of gases between a living organism and its environment. | Respiration |
| Upper Airway Components: ____ ____, ____ ____, ____ | Nasal cavity Oral cavity, Pharynx |
| The maxillary, frontal, nasal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones compromise the lateral and superior walls of the ____ ____. | nasal cavity |
| The ____ ____ is the cartilage that separates the right and left nasal cavities. | nasal septum |
| The ____ is an air cavity that conducts fluid from the eustachian tubes and tear ducts to and from he nasopharynx. | sinus |
| The ____ help reduce the overall weight of the head and are thought to assist in heating, purifying, and moistening inhaled air. | sinuses |
| The sinuses are air-filled cavities that are lined with a ____ ____. | mucous membrane |
| Fractures of the ____ ____ (____) can occasionally cause cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to leak from the cranial cavity into the nasal cavity. | upper sinuses |
| A ____ ____ is a tube that connects the ear with the nasal cavity. | Eustachian tube |
| The ____ ____ allow for equalization of pressure on each side of the tympanic membrane. | Eustachian tubes |
| The ____ ____ is a narrow tube that carries into the nasal cavity tears and debris that have drained from the eye which an cause the nose to run when someone cries. | nasolacrimal duct |
| ____ ____ are tissues lining body cavities that communicate with the air. | Mucous membranes |
| ____ ____ usually contain mucus secreting cells. | Mucous membranes |
| ____ is a slippery secretion that lubricates and protects airway surfaces. | Mucus |
| The ____, a large muscle on the bottom of the oral cavity, is the most common airway obstruction. | tongue |
| The ____ bone is unique, it is the only bone in the axial skeleton that does not articulate with any other bone. | hyoid |
| The ____ is a muscular tube that extends vertically from the back of the soft palate to the superior aspect of the esophagus. | pharynx |
| Regions of the Pharynx: ____, ____, ____ | Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx |
| A ____ ____ is a mechanism that stimulates retching, or striving to vomit, when the soft palate is touched. | gag reflex |
| The ____ is the depression between the epiglottis and the base of the tongue. | vallecula |
| ____ ____ is passing a tube into the trachea to protect and maintain the airway and to permit medication administration and deep suctioning. | Endotracheal intubation |
| The ____ is the complex structure that joins the pharynx with the trachea. | larynx |
| The ____ is the liplike opening between the vocal cords. | glottis |
| The ____ ____ is pressure applied in a posterior direction to the anterior cricoid cartilage to occlude the esophagus. | Sellick maneuver |
| ____ is inhaling foreign material, such as vomitus, into the lungs. | Aspiration |
| The ____ ____ is a membrane between he cricoid and thyroid cartilages of the larynx. | cricothyroid membrane |
| Lower Airway Components: ____, ____, ____, ____ ____, ____ | Trachea, Bronchi, Alveoli, Lung parenchyma, Pleura |
| The ____ is a tube that connects the larynx to the mainstem bronchi. | trachea |
| The trachea is ____ to ____ centimeters long. | 10, 12 |
| At the ____, the trachea divides or ____, into the right and left bronchi. | carina, bifurcates |
| The ____ are tubes from the trachea into the lungs. | bronchi |
| ____ are microscopic air sacs where most oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchanges take place. | Alveoli |
| ____ is an alveolar collapse. | Atelactasis |
| The ____ lung has three lobes, the upper lobe, the middle lobe, and the lower lobe; the ____ lung, which shares thoracic space with the heart, has only two lobes, the upper lobe and the lower lobe. | right, left |
| The ____ are the principle or essential parts of an organ. | parenchyma |
| The ____ is a membranous connective tissue covering the lungs. | pleura |
| The pleura consists of two layers, ____ and ____. | visceral, parietal |
| The____ pleura envelopes the lungs and does not contain nerve fibers. | visceral |
| The ____ pleura lines the thoracic cavity and contains nerve fibers. | parietal |
| The potential space between the visceral and parietal layers, called the ____ ____, usually holds a small amount of fluid that reduces friction between the pleural layers during respiration. | pleural space |
| In pediatrics, the airways is smaller in all aspects, particularly the ____ of the openings and passageways. | diameters |
| In pediatrics, in the pharynx, the jaw is ____ and the tongue is relatively ____. | smaller, larger |
| The ____ lies more superior and anterior in children and is funnel-shaped because the ____ ____ is undeveloped. | larynx, cricoid cartilage |
| Before the age of ____, the cricoid cartilage I the narrowest part f the airway. | 10 |
| The ribs and the cartilage of the pediatric thoracic cage are ____ and more pliable. | softer |
| Infants and children tend to rely more on their ____ for breathing. | diaphragm |
| ____ is the exchange of gases between a living organism and its environment. | Respiration |
| ____ is the mechanical process that moves air into and out of the lungs. | Ventilation |
| ____ ____depends on changes in pressure within the thoracic cavity. | Pulmonary ventilation |
| ____mL of inspired air - ____mL occupying the conducting pathways 'dead space' = ____mL reaching the alveoli | 500mL-150mL=350mL |
| During each cardiac cycle the heart pumps as much blood to the ____ as it pumps to the peripheral tissues. | lungs |
| ____ ____ is the pressure exerted by each component of a gas mixture. | Partial pressure |
| The ____ ____ of a gas is its percentage of the mixture's total pressure. | partial pressure |
| Oxygen (PaO2) = ____ torr (average = ____ - ____) | 100 torr (average = 80-100) |
| Carbon dioxide (PaCO2) = ____ torr (average = ____ - ____) | 40 torr (average = 35-45) |
| ____ is alveolar partial pressure. | PA |
| ____ is arterial partial pressure. | Pa |
| ____ is the movement of a gas rom an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, attempting to reach equilibrium. | Diffusion |
| Diffusion transfers ____ between the lungs and the blood and between the blood and the peripheral tissues. | gases |
| Carbon dioxide is ____ times more soluble in water than oxygen and readily crosses the pulmonary capillary membranes. | 21 |
| In the peripheral tissues, the gradient (direction of diffusion) for CO2 is from the tissue where its concentration is ____, to the capillary blood, where its concentration is ____. | high, low |
| Oxygen diffuses into the blood plasma, where most of it combines with hemoglobin and is measured as ____ ____ (____). | oxygen saturation (SpO2) |
| The oxygen that does not diffuse into the blood plasma is ____ in the blood and is measured as the ____. | dissolved, PaO2 |
| Hemoglobin approaches ____% saturation when the PaO2 of dissolved oxygen reaches ____ to ____ torr. | 100, 90 to 100 |
| Decreased hemoglobin concentration, inadequate alveolar ventilation, decreased diffusion across the pulmonary membrane, and ventilation/perfusion mismatch are factors that can affect ____ ____ in the blood. | oxygen concentrations |
| ____ is the reduction in breathing rate and depth. | Hypoventilation |
| ____ is the accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity. | Pneumothorax |
| ____ is the accumulation in the pleural cavity of blood or fluid containing blood. | Hemothorax |
| A ____ ____ is a blood clot that travels to the pulmonary circulation and hinders oxygenation of the blood. | pulmonary embolism |
| The blood transports carbon dioxide mainly in the form of ____ ____ (____). | bicarbonate ion (HCO-3) |
| The ____ is the concentration of oxygen in inspired air. | FiO2 |
| Hyperventilation ____ CO2 levels. | lowers |
| Fever, muscle exertion, shivering, and metabolic processes resulting in the formation of metabolic acids can cause ____ CO2 production. | increased |
| Decreased alveolar ventilation causes ____ CO2 elimination. | decreased |
| Increased CO2 levels (____) are usually treated by ____ the rate and/or volume of ventilation and by correcting the underlying cause. | hypercarbia, increasing |
| ____ is the excessive pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood. | Hypercarbia |
| The ____ ____ is the number of times a person breaths in 1 minute. | respiratory rate |
| We can ____ override our involuntary respirations until physical and chemical mechanisms signal the ____ ____'s respiratory centers to involuntary provide impulses and correct any breathing irregularities. | voluntarily, nervous system |
| The main respiratory center lies in the ____ ____ in the brainstem. | medulla oblongata |
| Various ____within the medulla initiate impulses that result in respiration. | neurons |
| If the medulla fails to initiate respiration, an additional control center in the ____, called the apneustic center, assumes respiratory control t ensure the continuation of respirations. | pons |
| A third control center, the pneumotaxic center, also in the pons, controls ____. | expiration |
| The ____-____ ____ prevents overexpansion of the lungs; the process of the stretch receptors stopping firing as the stretch decreases. | Hering-Breuer reflex |
| Any ____ in PCO2 will ____ CSF pH, which will in turn stimulate the control chemoreceptors to increase respiration. | increase, decrease |
| ____ PaCO2 levels will ____CSF pH, in turn decreasing chemoreceptor stimulation and slowing respiratory activity. | Low, raise |
| ____ is decreased blood oxygen level. | Hypoxemia |
| ____ ____ is the mechanism that increases respiratory stimulation when blood oxygen falls and inhibits respiratory stimulation when blood oxygen climbs. | Hypoxic drive |
| ____ is the absence of breathing. | Apnea |
| ____ (decreased partial pressure of oxygen in the blood) is a profound stimulus of respiration in a normal individual. | Hypoxemia |
| People with chronic respiratory disease such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis tend to retain ____and, therefore, have a chronically elevated ____. | CO2, PaCO2 |
| Fever, emotion, pain, hypoxia, acidosis, stimulant drugs, depressant dugs, and sleep can affect ____ ____. | respiratory rate |
| ____ ____ ____ is the maximum lung capacity. | Total lung capacity |
| ____ ____ is the average volume of gas inhaled or exhaled in one respiratory cycle. | Tidal volume |
| ____ ____ ____ is the amount of gas in the tidal volume that remains in the air passageways. | Dead space volume |
| ____ ____ is the amount of gas in the tidal volume that reaches the alveoli for gas exchange. | Alveolar volume |
| ____ ____ is the amount o as inhaled and exhaled in 1 minute. | Minute volume |
| ____ ____ ____ is the amount of gas that reaches the alveoli for gas exchange in one minute. | Alveolar minute volume |
| ____ ____ ____ (____) is the amount of air that can be maximally inhaled after a normal inspiration. | Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) |
| ____ ____ ____ (____) is the amount of air that can be maximally exhaled after a normal expiration. | Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) |
| ____ ____ (____) is the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of maximal expiration. | Residual volume (RV) |
| ____ ____ ____ (____) is the volume of gas that remains in the lungs at the end of normal expiration. | Functional residual capacity (FRC) |
| ____ ____ ____ (____) is the amount of air that can be maximally expired after maximal inspiration. | Forced expiratory volume (FEV) |
| Total lung capacity in the average adult male is approximately ____ liters. | |
| Tidal volume in the average adult male is approximately ____ mL. | 500 |
| Dead space volume in the average adult male is approximately ____ mL. | 150 |
| Alveolar volume in the average adult male is approximately ____ mL. | 350 |
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