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Ch. 29
Endocrinology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| exophthalmos | symptom of protruding eyeballs caused by hyperthyroidism called Graves disease |
| glucosuria | glucose found in the urine |
| goiter | enlarged thyroid gland |
| growth hormone | hormone secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate growth of bones and tissues; also called somatotropin |
| hyperglycemia | abnormally high blood glucose level |
| hyperthyroidism | condition of having excess levels of thyroid hormone in the body |
| hypertrophy | excessive growth of tissue |
| peripheral | away from the trunk of the body |
| polydipsia | increased thirst |
| polyphagia | increased appetite |
| polyuria | increased urination |
| what are two other names for type one diabetes | insulin dependent and juvenile |
| what hormone is the body unable to produce in type 1 diabetes | insulin |
| which endocrine organ produces insulin | pancreas |
| what are 3 major signs of type one diabetes (the 3 p's) | polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria |
| why must insulin must be given as an injection and not orally | stomach acid will destroy it |
| what is another name for ketoacidosis (DKA) | hyperglycemia |
| what are two other names for type 2 diabetes | non insulin dependent and adult onset |
| when does type 2 diabetes usually appear | after the age of 40 |
| what does type 2 do to the body and insulin | causes weight gain and delayed wound healing, starves the cells of energy |
| who is most likely to develop type 2 | obese and middle aged |
| what do oral hypoglycemic medications do | signals the pancreas to secrete more insulin |
| list five complications of diabetes | blindness, nephropathy, neuropathy, limb loss, and heart disease |
| what are the symptoms of hypoglycemia | fatigue, hunger, dizziness, confusion, heart palpitations |
| list four causes of hypoglycemia | too much insulin, not enough food, excessive exercise, vomiting or diarrhea |
| how is hypoglycemia treated | give Pt some kind of simple sugar |
| what are the symptoms of hyperglycemia | deep rapid respirations, the 3 P's, glucosuria, weight loss |
| list four causes of hyperglycemia | not enough insulin, missed doses, too much food, lack of activities, stress, illness |
| how is hyperglycemia treated | insulin, hypoglycemic, diet control weight loss, and exercise |
| what is gestational diabetes | starts during pregnancy due to insulin resistance |
| what is the risk of a mother developing diabetes after giving birth | 50/50 |
| when does gestational diabetes usually develop | 24-28th week |
| what effect can gestational diabetes have on the baby | shoulder injury, hypoglycemia at birth, respiratory problems, jaundice, and still birth |
| what is myxedema | severe hypothyroidism; life threatening |
| what are some symptoms of hypothyroidism | enlarged thyroid, fatigue, dry brittle hair, and weight gain |
| what is the relationship between iodine and hypothyroidism | Iodine is an element that is needed for the production of thyroid hormone. The body does not make iodine, so it is an essential part of your diet. |
| what is goiter | enlarged thyroid |
| what is the treatment for hypothyroidism | synthetic thyroid hormones |
| what is another name for hyperthyroidism | graves disease |
| list six symptoms of hyperthyroidism | tachycardia, hypertension, anxiety, insomnia, heat intolerance |
| what is exophthalmos | protruding eyeballs |
| what is thyrotoxicosis | episode of sudden or worsening of symptoms and maybe life threatening |
| why is teaching Pts with diabetes about skin and foot care so important | problems healing |
| what preparation is needed by the pt for a FBS test | pt needs to fast |
| what are the normal ranges for FBS | 70-110 |
| what does glucose tolerance test help diagnose | various types of diabetes |
| what does the glycosylated hemoglobin (Hgb A1C) show | Avg blood sugar of the past 4 months |
| what preparation is needed for Hgb A1C | nothing |
| what are normal results for the glycosylated hemoglobin test | 4-6% |
| what is glycosuria | glucose in urine |
| when should a pt check their blood sugar at home | before breakfast and before bed |
| because of negative feedback, if tsh levels are high, will the T3 and T4 levels be low or high | low |
| what disease might radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) help diagnose | thyroid function |
| pineal gland | produces melatonin |
| pituitary gland | controls all other glands, it is controlled by the hypothalamus, broken up into anterior lobe and posterior lobe |
| anterior lobe of pituitary | growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, and adrenocorticotropic hormone |
| posterior lobe of pituitary gland | oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone |
| thyroid gland | triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), calcitonin |
| parathyroid | parathyroid hormone |
| adrenal glands | epinephrine, aldosterone, cortisol, androgens |
| pancreas | insulin, glycogen |
| thymus | t-lymphocytes |
| ovaries | ovum, estrogen, progesterone |
| testes | testosterone |
| adenopathy | disease of a gland |
| adrenalectomy | surgical removal of the adrenal gland |
| adrenal | pertaining to the adrenal gland |
| hypercalcemia | excessive calcium in the blood |
| glucogenisis | creating glucose |
| glycosuria | sugar in the urine |
| hydrolysis | destruction of water |
| oophorectomy | surgical removal of the ovaries |
| ovarioptosis | prolapse of the ovary |
| orchopathy | disease of the testes |
| orchiectomy | surgical removal of the testes |
| orchidopexy | surgical fixation of the testes |
| testomegaly | enlarged testes |
| pancreatography | process of recording the pancreas |
| parathyroidectomy | surgical removal of the parathyroid |
| thymoma | tumor of the thymus |
| thyroiditis | inflammation of the thyroid |
| toxicologist | specialist in the study of toxins |
| anorchidism | absence of testes |
| antiglycemic | pertaining to against sugar |
| euthyroid | good or normal thyroid |
| hyperglycemia | excessive blood sugar |
| hypocalcemia | below blood calcium |
| orchialgia | pain in the testes |
| ovariocele | herniation of the ovary |
| orchiectomy | surgical removal of a testicle |
| pancreatic | pertaining to the pancreas |
| pancreatolith | pancreatic stone |
| thyroidomegaly | enlargement of the thyroid |
| thymoma | tumor of the thymus |
| toxicosis | abnormal condition of toxin or poisoning |
| thyroidotomy | incision into the thyroid |
| acromegaly | pituitary gland becomes overactive after the individual has reached adulthood, secreting excessive amounts of human growth hormone which affects the bones tissues of the face, and extremities causing them to be disproportionately large |
| Addison disease | disorder involving adrenal gland failure, which results in a chronic metabolic disorder that requires steroid hormone replacement therapy |
| congenital hypothyroidism | type of hypothyroidism present at birth that results in arrested physical and mental development; formerly called cretinism |
| Cushing syndrome | rare disorder caused by prolonged, excessive secretion of glucocorticosteriods by the adrenal glands, resulting in altered fat distribution and muscle weakness |
| diabetic ketoacidosis | abnormal condition that occurs in uncontrolled diabetes and results in the accumulation of the ketone bodies secondary to the oxidation of fats; also called diabetic coma |
| diabetes insipidus | disorder caused by lack of vasopressin and marked by output of abnormally large amounts of dilute urine which results in increased thirst and need for dramatic increase in fluid intake |
| diabetes mellitus | chronic metabolic disorder in which the pancreas secretes insufficient amounts of insulin or the body is insulin resistant |
| dystocia | difficult labor caused by small pelvic outlet or a large baby, commonly related to macrosomia |
| eclampsia | condition caused by pregnancy induced hypertension in which the woman experiences severe hypertension, convulsions |
| gigantism | disorder in which the pituitary gland secretes excessive amounts of hGH during childhood, resulting in an abnormally large adult |
| goiter | enlarged thyroid gland |
| graves disease | form of hyperthyroidism caused by an autoimmune response that may cause exophthalmos |
| hyperpituitarism | disorder in which the pituitary gland secretes excessive amounts of hGH |
| hyperthyroidism | condition of having excessive levels of thyroid hormone in the body |
| hypopituitarism | condition that involves diminished secretion of pituitary hormones as a result of dysfunction of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland |
| insulin shock | condition caused by too much insulin, in which the blood glucose level is too low; usually below 40 mg/dl; also called hypoglycemia |
| macrosomia | condition of an abnormally large neonate caused when glucose crosses the placenta from a diabetic mother, causing the infants pancreas to make more insulin and storage of excess glucose in the babies body in the form of fat |
| ADH | antidiuretic hormone |
| ACTH | adrenocorticotrophic hormone |
| BG | blood glucose |
| BS | blood sugar |
| Ca | calcium |
| CA | cancer |
| DM | diabetes mellitus |
| FBG | fasting blood glucose |
| FBS | fasting blood sugar |
| fsbs | finger stick blood sugar |
| FSH | follicle-stimulating hormone |
| GH | growth hormone |
| IDDM | insulin dependent diabetes mellitus |
| K | potassium |
| LH | leuteinizing hormone |
| Na | sodium |
| NIDDM | non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus |
| PTH | parathormone |
| T3 | triiodothyronine |
| T4 | thyroxin |
| TSH | thyroid stimulating hormone |
Created by:
rewebb
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