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Psych 101- Test #1
Test #1 material
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the definition of Psychology? | The scientific study of behavior and mental processes (cognitive-thought processes, and emotions-feelings) |
| What are the 3 main components of Psychology? | 1)Behavior 2)Cognition 3)Emotion |
| Behavior | *Overt- outside, public *Covert- inside, hidden ~ "Overt" behavior leads to inferences about "covert" mental processes. |
| What is the Main Question in Psychology? | WHY... ->Why do people think, feel, and behave as they do? -> Why do different people think, feel, and behave differently? |
| Where does the brain originate? | Biological organ -> electrochemical processes |
| Where does the mind originate? | "Mind" Psychological experiences resulting from brain processes **the "mind" interprets the world in terms of what we know and believe. |
| Psychology as a Science: -> Basic Assumptions | 1)Determinism 2)Discoverability 3)Empiricism |
| Determinism | - Underlying lawful principles |
| Discoverability | - We can "discover" principles |
| Empiricism | - Scientific research |
| Psychology as a Science: -> Basic Goals #1 | 1)Understand causes of B&MP (the Why question) -key theme: Underlying causes of B&MP are complex and not completely understood. ***Our understanding is in terms of "tendencies" rather than "absolute certainties" |
| Psychology as a Science: -> Basic Goals #2 | 2)Apply understanding to Predict B&MP: -school admissions -employment (hiring) -parole board decisions |
| Psychology as a Science: -> Basic Goals #3 | 3)Apply understanding to Change B&MP: -personal improvement -therapy -performance improvement -societal change |
| Biopsychology | Tries to identify links between.... -brain processes -hormones -genetics ...and B&MP |
| Charles Whitman | Shooting Rampage due to a brain tumor and use of amphetamines. > killed: 14 > wounded: 32 @ the University of Texas at Austin -> Amygdala= aggression |
| Evolution | Biological structures and processes are result of evolution (natural selection). -Charles Darwin [1809-1882] |
| Evolutionary "Time Lag" | Although we live in the "information age", our brain is the result of the "stone age" |
| Neuron | highly specialized cell that communicates information in electrical and chemical form; a nerve cell |
| Glial cells | support cells that assist neurons by providing structural support, nutrition, and removal of cell wastes; manufactures myelin |
| Sensory Neuron | type of neuron that conveys information to the brain from specialized receptor cells in sense organs and internal organs |
| Motor Neuron | type of neuron that signals muscles to relax or contract |
| Dendrites | multiple short fibers that extend from the neuron's cell body and recieve information from other neurons or from sensory cell receptors |
| Axon | the long, fluid-filled tube that carries a neuron's messages to other body areas |
| Damage to the Brain: Examples | > Phineas Gage- 1848 railroad worker with spike through his head - changed his personality > Travis Bogumill construction worker with nail in frontal lobe - changed his musical preferences |
| Damage to the Brain: Stroke | *sudden interruption of blood flow to an area of the brain ~700,000 per year in the U.S. 1/3 die 1/3 have permanent loss of function **3rd leading cause of death in the world |
| Symptoms of Stroke | -weak, numb, paralysis on one side -vision problems -cognitive problems -aphasia (difficulty with language) -> Broca's Area: frontal lobe, motor functions -> Wernicke's Area: understanding of language |
| Ischemic Stroke | *blood vessels in the brain become blocked by a blood clot -> Oxygen depletion damages/kills neurons ~80% of all strokes are Ischemic |
| Hemorrhagic Stroke | *an artery in the brain leaks or ruptures -increased pressure kills/damages neurons -usually due to an Aneurysm (a weak spot in an artery wall) |
| Animal Research on Brain Processes: -> Typical Methodology (step#1) | 1)Baseline data collected on animal's behavior |
| Animal Research on Brain Processes: -> Typical Methodology (step#2) | 2)Specific portion of brain is "lesioned" and destroyed via chemical injection or electric shock using a Stereotaxic Frame. ->Control group is put through a "Sham Surgery" and experience the same stress without destroying the brain regions. |
| Animal Research on Brain Processes: -> Typical Methodology (step#3) | 3)Animals behavior is measured again |
| Animal Research on Brain Processes: -> Typical Methodology (step#4) | 4)Determine if intended brain area was the only part lesioned, then euthanize the animals in order to freeze and dissect their brains. |
| Data Collection Methods | 1)Observation 2)Self-Report 3)Physiological |
| Observational Research | -behavior observed and recorded |
| Self-Report | -people provide information about their own behavior |
| Physiological Research | -biological activity is measured and recorded |
| Operational Definition | Psychological concept of interest: *intelligence *motivation *aggressiveness *self-esteem *depression *anxiety ... etc. |
| Determine what to use as a measure of the concept: | 1)either observation, self-report, or physiological 2)should be quantifiable (measurable) |
| Research Methods: -Descriptive Research | Goal: describe/document people with regard to some variable (any characteristic on which people can differ) |
| Descriptive Research <Survey Research> | ->Self-report survey/questionnaire- (often "rating scale" SA to SD) |
| Advantages and Disadvantages of Descriptive Research | Advantages: -quick, easy, lots of info. Disadvantages: -inaccurate memory/estimation -cannot report animals or small children -"social desirability" (ex. % of high school students that report having sex at least once) |
| Problems with Descriptive Survey Research questions | 1)Double Questions- 2 questions embedded in one 2)Biased Wording- leads to certain responses 3)Unclear Meaning- poor/vague wording |
| Descriptive Research <Observational Research> | 2 main types: > Naturalistic- observer behavior as it naturally occurs > Non-naturalistic- manipulate some aspect of situations and observe behavior |
| Advantages and Disadvantages of Descriptive Observational Research | Advantages: -relatively easy -"unobtrusive"-> captures a true picture of behavior -well-suited for certain populations Disadvantages: -time intensive -open to observer bias |
| Research Methods: -Correlational Research | ->observational, self-report, physiological Goal: to understand relationship between two variables ex)money given to charity Vs. hours spent in church *scatter plot data |
| 2 Directions of Correlation | 1)Positive 2)Negative ...or No correlation because the data is too scattered |
| What conclusions can we draw from correlation? | 3 possibilities: 1)variable A causes variable B 2)variable B causes variable A 3)variable C causes variable A&B variable C is a mediator variable, meaning it was not measured but it affects the two measured variables. |
| Advantages and Disadvantages of Correlational Research | Advantages: -relatively easy -provides insight -allows predictions Disadvantages: -uncertain conclusions |
| Research Methods: -Experimental Research | ->observational, self-report, physiological Goal: Identify causal relationship between variables |
| 3 key components of Experimental Research | 1)random selection of participants 2)random assignment into groups ->experimental group ->control group 3)keep all extraneous variables constant between groups |
| Independent Variable | -what is manipulated or changed in the experiment |
| Dependent Variable | -what is affected by the change and measured at the end of the experiment |
| Two Groups Design | 1 independent variable with 2 levels |
| Multiple Groups Design | 1 independent variable with 3 or more levels |
| Factorial Group Design | 2 independent variables with 2 or more levels each ->Simplest Design: 2x2 design ->More complex designs: 2x3 or 3x3 designs...etc. |
| Advantages and Disadvantages of Experimental Research | Advantages: -allows cause/effect conclusions Disadvantages: -difficult to conduct -limited to "Generalizability" |
| Ethical Treatment of Participants | Welfare of <-----------------> Knowledge Participants Gained |
| APA Guidelines | Ethical Research: -protect from physical/emotional harm -obtain informed consent -maintain confidentiality -justify deception (ex. IQ test; top 10% and bottom 10% -> self-esteem) -debrief the participants (tell the truth) |
| Developmental Psychology | "From womb, to tomb" ->study of biological, behavioral, cognitive, and emotional changes from conception to death |
| Jean Piaget (1896-1980) | *Studied Cognitive Development and Object Permanence in the Sensorimotor Stage |
| Advantages and Disadvantages of Experimental Research | Advantages: -allows cause/effect conclusions Disadvantages: -difficult to conduct -limited to "Generalizability" |
| Stages of Developmental Psychology: 1) Sensorimotor Stage | (birth -2 years) -coordinating sensory experience with motor activity (physical movement) -Key achievement of stage: *Understanding Object Permanence (knowing that an object exists although it is out of sight) ~Piaget's estimate: ~8 months |
| Renee Baillargeon | -Participants: 32 infants ~3.5 months average 1/2 in control group ->toy passes completely through sight 1/2 in experimental group->toy disappears then reappears on other side +2 "blind" observers unsure of what to look for |
| Karen Wynn | Participants: 26 infants ~4 months average ->Observed infants' understanding of numbers 1/2 control group->revealed 10 blocks and ~7.4 seconds stare time 1/2 experimental group->revealed 5 blocks and ~10.3 seconds stare time |
| Language Development | -Comprehension (Receptive) Vocabulary -Production (Expressive) Vocabulary -> 4 stages |
| 4 Stages of Production (Expressive) Vocabulary | 1)Cooing (0-4 months) 2)Babbling (4-9 months) 3)One-Word Stage (1 year) ->Typically Nouns: *Ball, Milk, etc. 4)Two-Word Stage (2 years) ->mini-sentences with simple themes *"See Cow", "Daddy go?", "Ride Car" |
| Stages of Developmental Psychology: 1) Preoperational Stage | (2 - 7 years) -possess extensive "internal representations" of objects and people -but limited in logic and cognitive "operations" Ex) About 2 1/2 years old: Q: why do you like Snow White? A: because she's my favorite |
| Preoperational Stage: -> Types of Cognitive Limitations (#1) | 1) Egocentrism: -physically -mentally (unable to see any point of view other than your own) Ex) False-Belief Test with Doll+ Cabin+ Mountain Model |
| Preoperational Stage: -> Types of Cognitive Limitations (#2) | 2) Centration: ->children don't understand: -"class inclusion" (1 class of things can contain several subclasses) ex. dogs + cats=BOTH animals -"conservation" (quantity remains constant despite phycical changes) ex. water in tall vs. short glass |
| Erik Erikson | ->Studied the Life Stages of Development Age: adolescence Crisis: Identity vs. role confusion Age: Early Adulthood Crisis: Intimacy vs. Isolation |
| Identity vs. role confusion (Age: 15-20) | Conflict Unresolved: (Role Confusion)-> lack of cohesion self-image; "Fragmented" self <Moratorium> phases in adolescence ("Integrated Identity")-> comfortable sense of self; unique but socially acceptable |
| Research on Identity and "Self-Verification" (Dutton & Lake)- concept | Self-Verification: -behavior to confirm existing sense of identity |
| Research on Identity and "Self-Verification" (Dutton & Lake)- study pt.1 | 1.white males- survey of rascist beliefs 2.contacted "non-rascists" 3."Polygraph Test"- viewed photos of blacks & whites |
| Research on Identity and "Self-Verification" (Dutton & Lake)- study cont'd | IV= feedback DV= amount of $ given to black homeless man (confederate= planted for study) 1/2 told ->racist 1/2 told -> not racist |
| Research on Identity and "Self-Verification" (Dutton & Lake)- results | Results: DV= amount of $ given to the black homeless man ->Group told they were "racist" gave 3x more money than the "not-racists" *the subjects were then debriefed |
| Intimacy vs. Isolation (Age: 20-40) | Conflict Unresolved: (Isolation)-> lonliness, and denial of intimacy needs Conflict Resolved: (Intimacy)-> able to develop close, loving, meaningful relationships |
| Synaptic Vesicles | hold neurotransmitters |
| Neurotransmitters in Synapse | May Either send: -Excitatory messages or -Inhibitory messages |
| Positive Correlation | A relationship with... -People HIGH on 1st variable tend to be HIGH on 2nd variable -People LOW on 1st variable tend to be LOW on 2nd variable **The strength of a correlation can range from "very strong" to "very weak" |
| Negative Correlation | A relationship with... -People HIGH on 1st variable tend to be LOW on 2nd variable -People LOW on 1st variable tend to be HIGH on 2nd variable |
Created by:
rstacey1
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