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AP Psych Ch. 4 Vocab
Developing Through the Life Span - AP Psychology, Chapter 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Developmental psychology | The study of physical, cognitive, and social changes from conception to death |
| Zygote | A fertilized egg |
| Embryo | The inner cells of the zygote after it attaches to the uterine wall (two weeks after conception to two months) |
| Fetus | From nine weeks after conception to birth |
| Critical period | Most of the first trimester, during which the embryo is susceptible to toxic exposures |
| Teratogens | Harmful agents, such as viruses and drugs, that can cause birth defects |
| Fetal alcohol syndrome | Physical and cognitive abnormalities caused by heavy drinking during pregnancy |
| PKU | A birth defect that causes an amino acid called phenylalanine to build up in the body - can cause mental retardation, seizures, and inability to metabolize certain proteins |
| Rooting | When babies turn their heads and open their mouths in response to a touch on the cheek |
| Maturation | A sequence of biological growth processes |
| Habituation | A decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure |
| Temperament | The combination of traits that make up a person's personality and reactivity |
| Down Syndrome | A genetic disorder occurring when someone has an extra copy of chromosome 21 |
| Heritability | A measure of how much of a phenotype can be attributed to genes and genetic diversity |
| Imprinting | The process of forming social bonds in animals (Konrad Lorenz experimented on ducklings; they bonded with the first moving thing they saw) |
| Schemas | Mental molds and concepts shaped by experiences |
| Assimilation | Interpreting information in terms of our current understanding (babies might call all animals dogs) |
| Accommodation | Adjusting our schemas to fit new experiences (babies learning there are other types of animals besides dogs) |
| Piaget's four stages of cognitive development | 1. Sensorimotor - experiencing the world through senses and actions (birth-2) 2. Preoperational - using intuitive reasoning rather than logical (2-7) 3. Concrete operational - thinking logically (7-11) 4. Formal operational - abstract reasoning (12+) |
| Object permanence | The awareness that objects continue to exist when not percieved |
| Conservation | Properties like mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in form |
| Telegraphic speech | Early speech when children only use essential words (Car go) |
| Attachment | An emotional tie with another person |
| Stranger anxiety | The fear of strangers in children |
| Parenting styles | 1. Authoritarian - parents set rules and expect obedience 2. Permissive - parents submit to children's desires and rarely punish 3. Authoritative - both demanding and responsive, set rules but explain and discuss them |
| Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development | 1. Basic trust vs. mistrust 0-1 2. Autonomy / shame 2-3 3. Initiative / guilt 4-6 4. Industry / inferiority 7-11 5. Identity / role confusion 12-18 6. Intimacy / isolation 19-35 7. Generativity / stagnation 36-64 8. Ego integrity / despair 65+ |
| Harry Harlowe's study on Rhesus monkeys | Monkeys preferred cloth "mothers" even when wire ones provided nourishment |
| Kohlberg's theory of moral development | 1. Preconventional morality - doing good to avoid punishment/be rewarded 2. Conventional morality - caring for others and upholding laws/rules 3. Post-conventional morality - believing in what is right and wrong based on a set of morals |
| Menarche | The beginning of the menstrual cycle |
| Menopause | The end of the menstrual cycle |
| Primary sex characteristics | Structures directly concerned with reproduction |
| Secondary sex characteristics | Sex-specific changes that happen during puberty that aren't essential to reproduction |
| Sandra Scarr | Found that children are fine when raised in high-quality situations away from their biological parents |
| Crystallized intelligence | Accumulated knowledge, increases with age |
| Fluid intelligence | The ability to reason quickly and abstractly, decreases slowly up to age 75, then increases, especially after age 85 |
| Social clock | The "right" time to leave home, get a job, get marries, etc. based on your culture |
| Kübler-Ross stages of death/dying | 1. Denial 2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Depression 5. Acceptance |
| Self-concept | Our thoughts/feelings about ourselves, our sense of identity and self-worth |
Created by:
emilyjane1221
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