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Medical Terminology
Chapter 5 & 6 - Digestive System Terms
Term | Definition |
---|---|
absorption | passage of materials through to walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream |
amino acids | small building blocks of proteins; released when proteins are digested |
amylase | enzymes secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch |
anus | terminal end of opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body |
appendix | blind pouch hanging from the cecum |
bile | digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder |
bilirubin | pigment released by the liver in bile |
bowel | intestines |
canine teeth | pointed teeth next to the incisors |
cecum | first part of the large intestine |
colon | consists of the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments |
common bile duct | carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum |
defecation | elimination of feces |
deglution | swallowing |
dentin | primary material found in teeth |
digestion | breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms |
duodenum | first part of the small intestines |
elimination | act of removal of materials from the body |
emulsification | physical process of breaking up fat globules |
enamel | hard, outermost layer of a tooth |
enzyme | chemical that speeds up reactions between substances |
esophagus | tube connecting the throat to the stomach |
fatty acids | substances produces when fats are digested |
feces | solid wastes; stool |
gallbladder | small sac under the liver; stores bile |
glucose | simple sugar |
glycogen | starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells |
hydrochloric acid | substance produces by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food |
ileum | third part of the small intestines |
incisor | on of four front teeth |
insulin | hormone produces by endocrine cells of the pancreas; |
jejunum | second part of the small intestine |
lipase | pancreatic enzyme needed to digest fats |
liver | large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen |
lower esophageal sphincter (LES) | ring of muscles between esophagus and stomach |
mastication | chewing |
pancreas | organ under the stomach; produces insulin and anzymes |
papillae | small, nipple-like elevations on the tongue |
parotid glands | salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear |
peristalsis | rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs |
pharynx | throat, |
portal vein | large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines |
protease | enzyme that digests protein |
pyloric sphincter | ring of muscles at the end of the stomach |
pylorus | distal region ofthe stomach |
rectum | last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus |
rugae | ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach |
saliva | digestive juice produced by salivary glands |
salivary glands | parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands |
sigmoid colon | forth and last segment of the colon |
sphincter | circular ring on muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening |
stomach | muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus |
triglycerides | fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol |
uvula | soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate |
villi | microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream |