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Physiological
Kaplan
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Acetylcholine | NT found in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Associated with Alzheimer's Disease, the loss of acetylcholine in neurons that connect with the hippocampus. |
| Catecholamines | NT's: epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Catecholamines play an important role in emotions. Loosely classified as monoanimes, or biogenic amines. |
| Norepinephrine | AKA Noradrenaline, involved in controlling alertness and wakefulness. Implicated in mood disorders (depression, mania). Too much = mania. Too little = depression |
| Dopamine | NT plays an important role in movement and posture. High concentrations are normally found in the basal ganglia (which helps make our movements smooth and our posture steady) |
| Dopamine Hypothesis | ...in schizophrenia. It argues that delusions, hallucinations, and agitation associated with schizophrenia arise from either too much dopamine or from oversensitiveity. |
| Evidence for dopamine hypothesis 1 | Drugs like amphetamines, if used over a period of time, can produce excessive levels of dopamine in the brain inhance the action of domamine at synapse >amphetamine induced psychosis, similar to paranoid schizophrenia. speed & crank |
| Evidence for dopamine hypothesis 2 | The antipsychotics prescribed are called Phenothiazines, through to reduce the sensitivity of dopamine receptors. < sensative = > of psychotic symptoms. Adderall, Vyvanse, and Dexedrine. |
| Tardive dyskinesia | side effect of antipsychotics as they interfere with dopamine transmission |
| Parkinson's Disease | PD through to occur due to a loss of dopamine-sensitive neurons in Basal Ganglia. Disruption of transmission leads to resting tremors and jerky movements. |
| L Dopa | Treats PD, synthetic substance that increases dopamine levels in the brain, can lead to an oversupply of Dopamine & produce psychotic symptoms in parkinson's pts. |
| Serotonin | Loosely classified as monoamine or biogenicamine transmitter. Role in regulating mood, eating, sleeping & arousal. much = mania, little = depression. Lead to development of SSRIs-Prozac |
| Monoamine theory of depression | 2 theories of levels of norepinephrine and serotonin leading to maina and depression. |
| GABA- Gamma-Amino Butyric Acid | Produces inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and is throught to play an important role in stabilizing neural activity in the brain. GABA exerts its effects by causing hyperpolarization in the postsynaptic membrane. |
| Peptides | 2 or more amino acids joined together are also involved in neurotransmission. Exp: Endorphins, natural pain killers produced in the brain |
| Sedative-hypnotic drugs | Depressants, act to slow down the functioning fo the CNS. Low doses, they reduce anxiety, Med-sedation, High-coma. Synergistic(additative in effect)-alcohol and barbituates make a dangerous combination-coma |
| Sedative drugs | Benzodiazepines and barbiturates. Generally these drugs facilitate and enhance the action of GABA which stabilizes brain activity. Potentially potent tranquilizers often use as sedatives. Valium is a benzo. |
| How do illegal and psychiatric drugs produce their main effects? | Modifying neuotransmissions |
| Korsakoff's syndrome | produces even more serious disturbance in memory, anterograde amneisa. Traced to a vitamin deficiency in thiamin (Vitamin B 1). Deficienty that often occurs in chronic alcoholics. |
| Behvaioral stimulants | Class of drugs that increase behavioral activity by increasing motor activity or by counteracting fatigue. |
| Amphetamines | speed up the CNS in ways that mimic the actions of Sympathetic NS. Thought to stimulate receptors for dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonine. |
| Antidepressiants | Behavioral stimulants, use to treat depression. Elevate mood, increase overall activity level and appetite, and improve sleep patterns. |
| Tricyclics Antidepressiants | Tricyclic thought to reduce depression by facilitating the transmission of norepinephrine or serotinin at the synapse. They inhibit the action of an enzyme called MAO (normally breaks down & deactivates norepinephrine and serotonin in the synapse. |
| SSRI-Select Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor | Prozac inhibits the reuptake of serotonin, increasing the supply. |
| Methylphenidate | Ritaline, amphetamine, used to treat hyperactive children who suffer from ADD. Increases alertness and decreases motor activity in hyperactive children. |
| Antipsychotic Drugs | Thorazine, chlorpromazine, phenothiazine, and haloperidol (Haldol) Block receptor sites for dopamine |
| Lithium carbonate | Perscribed as a mood stabilizer for bipolar, reduces 70-90% of symptoms, extremely good at taking care of manic symptoms |
| Narcotics | Opium, Heroin, and Morphine, most effective pain relieving drugs available. They bind to the opiate receptors in your brain where endorphins would normally bind. |
| Psychededlics | Drugs that alter sensory perception and cognitive processes. Mescaline, psilocybin, and cannibis |
| Endocrine System | Other internal communication network, uses chemical messengers called hormones. Associated with slow, continuous bodily processes |
| GABA | Associated with anxiety disorders Epinephrine (adrenaline): A hormone associated with “fight or flight” responses; effects include increased sugar output of liver; increased heart rate. |
| Androgens | Male hormones during critical stages of fetal development. Most important one-testosterone. Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome-if the fetus does not produce or can’t use androgens, it becomes a female. |
| Gland: Hypothalamus | Controls release of pituitary hormones |
| Gland: Pituitary | Often called “the master gland” triggers hormones secretion in many other endrocrine glands. |
| Gonadotropins | During puberty Pituitary releases gonadoptropic hormones-activates an increase in hormone production by ovaries or testes. Follicle-stimulating hormone (development of ovarian follicle) and Luteinizing hormone (ovulation) |
| Thyroid | Affects metabolism rate; growth and development |
| Adrenal Medulla | Produces adrenaline (epinephrine), which increases sugar output of lives; also increases heart rate; “fight or flight” response |
| Ovaries | Estrogen stimulates female sex characteristics; progesterone prepares uterus for implantation for embryo |
| Testes | Testosterone produces male sex characteristics; relevant to sexual arousal |
| Ablation | AKA Extirpation refers to any surgically induced brain lesion. |
| Aphasias | Greek- a = not phasia = speech. Broca’s aphasia-inability to produce speech. Wernicke’s aphasias-inability to understand spoken language |
| Agnosia | Perceptual recognition. Greek = not knowing. A person sees something but cannot recognize it or say what it is. Results from damage to the cortical area. |
| Apraxia | Impairment in the org of motor action. Can't execute a simple motor response to a verbal command-step-by-step sequence entailed in everyday acts-arises from association areas which org simple motor movements into predictable voluntary acts. |
| Dementias | Neurological disorders char by a loss in intellectual functioning. Alzheimers, Huntingtons chorea and Parkinsons disease. |
| Reticular Formation | Neural structure located in brain stem; keep our cortex awake and alert. If the connecting fiber was damaged, a person would sleep most of the day. |
| Electroencephalograph-EEG | Records brain waves. 4 kinds: beta, alpha, theta, and delta. 5th corresponds to REM sleep. 90 min sleep cycle. BAT-D Bats sleep during the day Beta, Alpha, Theta-Delta |
| Awake Brain Waves | Beta and Alpha Waves |
| Sleep Stage 1 | Theta Waves-EEG picks up on sleep spindles-short bursts of alpha waves. Slower frequencies, and the waveform becomes irregular and jagged. Size/voltage increases |
| Sleep Stage 2 | Theta waves & becomes progressively slower; K complexes until only a few sleep waves are seen. |
| Sleep Stage 3 | EEG activity grows progressively slower until only a few sleep waves per second are seen. Low frequency, high voltage sleep wave are called delta waves. Delta = Deeply Asleep |
| Sleep Stage 4 | Delta Waves- Deepest sleep state-delta waveform reaches its slowest rate and the sleep spindles are at their steepest. Very hard to wake someone |
| REM Sleep | Most time here than any other sleep during the lifespan. It’s called desynchronized sleep/paradoxical sleep. Waves look like beta brain waves, (But they're desynchronized) our muscle tone remains relaxed. Our limbs are relaxed, eyes constantly moving. |
| James-Lange Theory | Argues that we recognize emotions based on how our body reacts; “we feel sorry b/c we cry, angry b/c we strike, afraid b/c we tremble |
| Cannon Bard Theory | Argued that emotions reflect physiological arousal of the ANS and specific neural circuits in the brain. Emotional responses also include simultaneous physiological arousal of the sympathetic NS. |
| Schachter-Singer Theory | Argued that unspecified physiological arousal will be labeled as different emotions |
| Walter Cannon | Physiologist who studied the ANS, including flight or flight reactions; investigated homeostasis; and with Bard, proposed the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions |
| Eric Kandel | Demonstrated that simple learning behavior in sea snails (Aplysia) is associated with changes in neurotransmission. He touched their gills until they stopped instinctually withdrawing them. |
| Heinrick Kluver and Paul Bucy | Studied loss of normal fear & rage reactions in monkeys resulting from damage to temporal lobes; also studied amygdala's roel in emotions. Kluver-Bucy Syndrome |
| A.R. Luria | Russian neurologist who studied how brain damage leads to impairment in sensory, motor, and language functions |
| Brenda Milner | Studied severe anterograde amnesia in H.M. pt whose hippocampus & temporal lobes were removed surgically to control epilepsy-anterograde amnesia |
| James Olds and Peter Milner | Demonstrated existence of pleasure center in the brain using self-stimulation studies in rats-Septum/Septual region |
| Wilder Penfield | Canadian neurosurgeon who used electrodes and electrical stimulation techniques to map out different parts of the brain during surgery |
| Stanley Schacter and J.E. Singer | Proposed Schachter-Singer theory of emotions |
| Sir Charles Sherrington | English physiologist who first inferred the existence of synapse |
| Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga | Investigated functional differences btw left and right cerebral hemispheres using "split Brain" pts |
| C. Wernicke | German neurologist who IDed the part of the brain primarily associated with understanding spoken language i.e. Wernicke's area. |
Created by:
greggk2013
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