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Endocrine System
Hormones and Their Functions
| Condition/Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hormone | A chemical signal that conveys messages to other human cells, telling them what to do or how to do it |
| Peptide Hormone | A type of hormone that binds to receptors on a cell's surface & then activates a second messenger, which in turn activates an enzyme cascade, causing the cell to change its behaviour |
| cAMP | Cyclic Amp, a common second messenger for peptide hormones. |
| Steroid Hormone | A type of hormone that diffuses through plasma membrane, binds to receptors on the nucleus, and then activates a gene in the cell's DNA. This causes protein synthesis to occur, and then this causes a change in the cell's behaviour |
| Humoral Control | Activation of a hormone through unbalanced body fluids: e.g insulin, activated by high blood glucose |
| Neural Control | Activation of a hormone by the nervous system e.g. epinephrine |
| Hormonal Control | Activation of a hormone by another hormone e.g. thyroid stimulating hormone, activate thyroid gland |
| Another name for the Pituitary Gland | hypophysis |
| Another name for the Posterior Pituitary Gland | Neurohypophysis |
| Another name for the Anterior Pituitary Gland | adenohypophysis |
| Hormones Secreted by the Posterior Pituitary Gland | ADH (antidiuretic hormone), oxytocin |
| ADH Function | Antidiuretic hormone increases blood pressure by vasoconstriction and causes the kidneys to reabsorb water |
| Hormones Secreted by the Anterior Pituitary | ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), prolactin, growth hormones, gonadotropic hormones (testosterone, progesterone, estrogen) |
| ACTH | Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete hormones |
| Growth Hormone | increase in height, increased fat/protein synthesis, calcium and bone mineralization |
| Thyroid Gland | Gland that is located in neck, and relies largely on iodine, hormones function to increase metabolic rates |
| Triiodothyronine | A hormone secreted by thyroid gland, made up of 3 molecules of iodine (T3) |
| Thyroxine | A hormone secreted by thyroid gland, made up of 4 molecules of iodine (T4) |
| Lack of Iodine | Simple/Endemic goiter, a lump in the throat |
| Congenital Hypothyroidism | Failure of thyroid gland to develop properly, leads to short, stocky stature, myxedema (weight gain, hair loss, lethargy) |
| Grave's Disease (hyperthyroidism) | exophthalmic goiter forms |
| Calcitonin | Produced in high blood calcium, causes bones to take up calcium, lowering blood calcium levels |
| Parathyroid Glands & Parathyroid Hormone | PTH (parathyroid hormone) increases blood calcium level by causing the bones to release calcium, and the kidneys and small intestine to absorb calcium |
| Hypocalcemia | Low blood calcium level caused by insufficient parathyroid hormone, can lead to tetany & seizures |
| Hypercalcemia | High blood calcium caused by too much PTH, can lead to muscle weakness, abnormal heart rhythms, coma, renal failure |
| Adrenal Glands | Glands sit atop of kidneys, each gland has 2 parts, adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla |
| Adrenal Medulla | under complete nervous control, medulla responds to stress temporarily (fight or flight system) by releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| Adrenal Cortex | cortex provides long term response for stress, releases 2 major types of hormones, glucocorticoids & mineralocorticoids |
| Glucocorticoids | Cortisol, a glucocorticoid, raises the blood glucose level by either promoting breakdown of amino acids or the breakdown of fatty acids |
| Mineralocorticoids | Aldosterone is the most important of the mineralocorticoids |
| Renin - Angiotensin - Aldosterone System | When blood pressure is low, renin is secreted from kidneys, turning angiotensin into angiotensin 1, into angiotensin 2, which constricts the arterioles, and activates aldosterone, which makes the kidneys reabsorb sodium |
| Atrial Natriuretic Hormone (ANH) | ANH is the only hormone secreted by the heart, and is used to the lower the blood pressure, unlike the renin - angiotensin - aldosterone system. |
| Addison's Disease | Hyposecretion of hormones or ineffective ACTH leads to Addison's disease, most often is fatal |
| Cushing's Syndrome | Hypersecretion of hormones or the buildup of unused hormones can lead to Cushing's syndrome, diabetes mellitus, obese trunk, hypertension, edema |
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