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AP Psychology: Bio
Biology of the Mind (Unit 2)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the primary job of the dendrite? | To receive neurotransmitters and transmit electrical impulses. |
| What is the axon's job? | To carry impulses away from the cell body. |
| What is the myelin sheath and what does it do? | Protects the axon and accelerates impulses; it's the coating of glial cells (fatty tissue) or Schwann cells |
| What does the axon terminal/ button do? | To transmit neurotransmitters from one nerve cell to the next, also reuptakes them if needed. |
| What is the synapse? | The space between dendrites and axon terminals where neurotransmission occurs. |
| What is the cell body and what is it's function? | The cell body contains the nucleus and DNA of the cell, determines if and what the cell should fire. |
| What do excitatory neurotransmitters do? | They encourage cell to fire; like pushing the gas pedal |
| What do inhibitory neurotransmitters do? | They inhibit the cell from firing; like pushing the break pedal |
| What is the absolute threshold? | A minimum intensity that must be reached for the cell to fire |
| What is action potential? | Neuron fires; has slight positive charge |
| What must happen for action potential to be reached/ the neuron to fire? | The excitatory neurotransmitters need to outnumber inhibitory ones, must be above absolute threshold |
| What is resting potential? | The neuron's normal state; when it is not firing. During this period the ions carry a slight negative charge |
| What is the refractory period? | The brief period after a neuron fires in which the neuron can't fire because it's "recharging". |
| What is the idea of " All or Nothing"? when it comes to firing neurotransmitters? | Once action potential is reached, there is no going back; the axon fires or it doesn't. The amount of neurotransmitters doesn't change the speed or strength, just changes how many are fired and how many times it fires. |
| What is depolarization? | When a neuron fires; the transition from resting potential (negative charge) to action potential (positive charge) |
| What is synthesis? | The creation of neurotransmitters. |
| What is release? | When neurotransmitters are released into the synapse. |
| What is binding? | When neurotransmitters are taken by the dendrites. |
| What is inactivation? | The left over neurotransmitters floating in the synaptic gap/ cleft. |
| What is reuptake? | When leftover, inactivated neurotransmitters are sucked back into the axon terminal/ button. |
| What do psychoactive drugs acting as agonists do? | Agonists enhance or mimick neurotransmitters (ex: heroin) |
| What do psychoactive drugs acting as antagonists do? | Antagonists inhibit effects of neurotransmitters (ex: nalaxone, a drug used to reverse the effects of a heroin overdose) |
| What is Acetylcholine (ACh)? | A neurotransmitter that enables muscle action, learning and memory. Undersupply can cause Alzheimer's. |
| What is Dopamine? | A neurotransmitter that influences learning, attention and emotion. Too much can cause schizophrenia whereas too little can cause Parkinson's. Linked to positive moods. |
| What is Serotonin? | A neurotransmitter that effects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal. Undersupply can cause depression. Linked to negative moods. |
| What is GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid)? | A major inhibitory neurotransmitter, linked to insomnia and seizures. |
| What is Glutamate? | A major excitatory neurotransmitter, can cause migraines or seizures. |
| What is Plasticity? Examples? | The brain's ability to change and make new connections. Growth, learning, and repairing itself after damage. |
| What is the Endocrine System? | The body's "snail mail" chemical messenger system; sends chemical messages through bloodstream. |
| What are hormones? | Hormones are chemical messengers affecting bodily functions such as growth, sexual activity, and arousal. |
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