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Basic Genetics
Genetics Terms and How to work problems
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| having two alleles that are the same for a particular trait. Example: AA or aa ( you could also say two genes that are the same) | Homozygous |
| Homozygous | having two genes or alleles that are the same for a particular trait |
| having two different alleles for a particular trait. Example Aa ( you could also say genes ...but this is the real meaning of alleles) | Heterozygous |
| If your genotype is Aa you are described as | Heterozygous |
| another word for heterozygous | hybrid |
| Heterozygous or Hybrid | having two different alleles for a particular trait |
| allele | alternative forms of a single gene ( different forms of same gene)..example in seed color there is one form for yellow and another form for green . Yellow is a dominant form (Y) and green is the recessive form (y) |
| different forms of the same gene ...such as a dominant form and a recessive form | alleles |
| the organism's allele pairs or gene pairs is described as a/an | genotype |
| this is an example of a _____. AABbCcdd | genotype... |
| AABbCcdd describes a ___ for ____traits | genotype .... 4 traits ( 2 per trait) |
| The observable characteristics or outward expression of the allele pairs or gene pairs | phenotype |
| The best way to determine a dog's phenotype | Look at the dog and describe its characteristics.. wavy hair, black spots, etc |
| A cross that involves the hybrids or heterozygotes for a single trait is a special cross called a/an | monohybrid cross |
| What are the parents in a monohybrid cross... use the letters A and a | Aa x Aa |
| The organism that is Aa can make what type of gametes by meiosis... and what Mendel law are we using | A or a ( 50% of each is possible) Mendel's law of segregation |
| the phenotype ratio of the offspring in a monohybrid cross is consistently | 3:1 3 dominant to 1 recessive offspring (worth knowing) |
| When you have two traits at a time , it is possible to have dihybrids... what would a dihybrid be using trait A and trait B | AaBb |
| if you crossed AaBb x AaBb then it would be called a/an | dihybrid cross |
| what would the parents of a dihybrid cross be using trait A and trait B | AaBb x AaBb |
| Mendel has another law that involves two traits.. he figured out that the two traits do not interfere with each other when gametes are made( there is a random distribution of alleles during gamete formation ) mendel was lucky with this one | law of independent assortment |
| Which law involves two traits and only works when the genes are on separate chromosomes | law of independent assortment |
| If the individual is AaBb and the genes are on separate chromosomes , What gametes are possible | AB Ab aB ab (use foil to determine) |
| If the parents are AaBb x AaBb ( a dihybrid cross). they will have a consistent phenotype ratio in their offspring ( double the monohybrid cross)... what is the outcome | 9:3:3:1 9 with both dominant traits/ 3 with a dominant trait and a recessive trait/ 3 flipped around ( recessive, dominant) and 1 that has both recessive traits |
| If you see offspring that are in a ratio of 9:3:3:1 ...example 9 have both dominant traits, 3 have dominant ,recessive, 3 have recessive dominant, and 1 recessive recessive traits) what are the parents... use the letters A, a , B, b | AaBb x AaBb |
| If T= tongue rolling and t= non rolling and R= right handed and r= left handed.. We get a phenotype ratio : 9 rollers, right handed 3 rollers lefty, 3 non- rollers, righty and 1 non-roller, lefty ... The parents are | TtRr x TtRr |
| T= tongue roller t= non-roller R= right handed r = left handed. will the mating of TTrr x TtRr give you a 9:3:3:1 ratio of phenotypes | NO... you would get 50% rollers with right hands and 50% rollers with left hands |
| What tool can help predict the possible offspring of a cross between two known genotypes | a punnett square |
| what is on the inside of the punnett square | the possible combinations of the gametes ( after fertilization) the offsprings genotypes are inside the punnett square ( REMEMBER THIS IS PREDICTED... NOT ACTUAL) |
| what do you put on the outside of the punnett square | The gametes of the parents go along the top and side or the outside of the punnett square ( after meiosis has occurred) |
| To fill out the outside of the punnett square, what process must occur and which one of Mendel's laws is happening | meiosis must occur.. and Mendel's law of segregation |
| Why did Mendel do experiments with a large number of offspring | the larger the number of offspring involved in a cross the more likely it will match the results predicted by the punnett square. |
| Did Mendel get exactly 3:1 ratios or 9:3:3;1 ratios when he did his experiments | No the actual results might not match perfectly because genetics has probability in gamete formation and fertilization |
Created by:
shemehl
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